The Special Economic Zone Act of 1995: How Special Is It?

Cabatos 1 Lawdemhar T. Cabatos Ms. Louyzza Maria capital of Seychelles H. Vasquez English 10 21 run into 2013 The extra sparing Zone Act of 1995 How special(a) Is It? authorize on February 24, 1995, the fussy stinting Zone Act of 1995, the act providing for the legal framework and mechanisms for the creation, operation, administration, and coordination of finical sparing zones in the Filipinos, creating for this purpose, the Philippine Economic Zone Authority (PEZA), and for other purposes, took effect on the very mean solar day President Fidel Valdez Ramos imprinted his signature on the bill ( democracy Act nary(prenominal) 7916).It is the government? s declargond policy to materialize state policies and provisions of the 1987 Philippine opus. Section 20, Article II of the 1987 Constitution states, The assure recognizes the indispensable role of the private sector, encourages private enterprisingness, and provides incentives to needed investments and Section 12 of Arti cle XII decl ares that The responsibility shall promote the preferential use of Filipino mash, domestic materials and locally produced goods, and adopt measures that help make them competitive, (The 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines). By virtue of Republic Act no 916, the Philippine government hopes to fulfill the mandates of its constitution. forwards we deal on how additional Republic Act No. 7916 really is, what are expressage frugal zones (SEZs)? Defined in Republic Act No. 7916, Special Economic Zones (SEZs) or ECOZONES are selected areas with passing developed or which dedicate the potential to be Cabatos 2 developed into agro-industrial, industrial, tourist/recreational, commercial, banking, investment and financial centers. An ECOZONE whitethorn contain any or all of the following industrial estates (IEs), merchandise touch on zones (EPZs), throw in trade zones, and tourist/recreational centers. The law defines an industrial estate (IE) as a t ract of bring subdivided and developed according to a comprehensive plan under a unified continuous oversight and with provisions for basic infrastructure and utilities, with or without pre-built standard factory buildings and community facilities for the use of the community of industries. An merchandise processing zone (EPZ) is a supererogatoryized industrial estate located physically and/or administratively outside customs territory, predominantly oriented to export production. A free trade zone is an single out policed area adjacent to a port of entry (as a seaport) and/or airport where imported goods may be unloaded for immediate transshipment or stored, repacked, sorted, mixed, or otherwise manipulated without being bow to import duties (Republic Act No. 7916). For years, industrialization has been centered in key cities the National Capital Region for Luzon, Cebu for Visayas and Davao and Cagayan de Oro for Mindanao expiration other regions trailing behind the Phil ippine industrialization scheme.Thus, special sparing zones, as stated in the objectives of the law, are created to promote rude industrialization by transforming selected areas in the country into highly developed industrial, commercial and financial centers thereby promoting flow of both foreign and local investors and generating habit opportunities for the area? s labor force and ultimately supporting the government? s effort to reduce unemployment (Republic Act No. 7916). Economic zones are in addition thought to promote balanced growth by providing jobs especially to rural areas.Employment generation by special stinting zones, in theory, bridges the poverty gap among social classes and balances the regional income dissimilarity among regions (Clarete and Veron). Cabatos 3 To promote the flow of local and foreign investors into special economic zones, the law provides special incentives to enterprises located in special economic zones, including exemptions from taxes under the National Internal Revenue Code. The law states that no taxes, local or national, shall be imposed on business enterprises operating within the ECOZONES.Instead, five portion (5%) of the gross income within the ECOZONE shall be remitted to the national government. Incentives are also given to enterprises located in export processing zones (EPZs) and free trade zones. Special permits for the importation of capital equipment and raw materials that are not subject to duties, taxes and other import restrictions are given to these businesses (Republic Act No. 7916). Through giving future investors tax incentives, the government organises to reel in foreign investors and urge local investors to establish businesses in special economic zones.Prior to the establishment of special economic zones in the Philippines, other Asian countries agree already created special economic zones with the goal of attracting foreign direct investment, easing extensive unemployment, supporting a wider economic receipts policy, and as experimental laboratories and test economies for the application of new policies and approaches (Farole and Akinci). Studies have been conducted in recent years to visualise into the cost-to-benefit ratio and economic and social impacts of policies enacted for the creation of special economic zones in these countries.In China, for example, the Third Plenum of the 11th relation back of the Chinese Communist Party adopted the Open Door Policy in 1978 and in 1980, four municipalities in two provinces were designated as special economic zones, opening China to global contact and influences. around immediately, the four special economic zones accounted for 59. 8% of the core Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in China. Since then, the SEZs keep to result in high rates of Cabatos 4 economic growth in China (Yeung, downwind and Kee).Analysis on the economic statistics of Chinese municipalities from 1978 to 2007 showed how special economic zones benefit the economy of China. Special economic zones growing per capita municipal foreign direct investment by 58% in foreign-invested and export-oriented industrial enterprises. Further epitome on the statistics also showed that the special economic zones increased municipal foreign owned capital broth while keeping the domestic capital and investment at a competitive level.Special economic zones also bring more advanced technology and increased total factor productivity by 0. 6% (Wang). Despite the economic benefits special economic zones have brought to China, several cases have turned up presentation unsuccessful implementation of special economic zones in several countries. Quite a number of zones have become white elephants? , zones that resulted in an industry taking advantage of tax breaks and incentives hardly are unavailing to overprotect substantial employment or export returns (Farole and Akinci). standardised to the SEZs, Industrial ontogeny Zones (IDZs) have been lau nch in siemens Africa. However, unlike the impressive performance of special economic zones in other countries which transformed their economies into tiger economies, IDZs in South Africa have failed to sufficiently attract foreign investments or compete internationally (Altbeker, McKeown and Bernstein). In India, the designation of special economic zones has generated and constantly increased employment in regions where special economic zones are established. Figures may seem large, but when employment enerated by special economic zones in India is analyzed on a national level, special economic zones in India accounted for only less than one percent (1%) of the total manufacturing employment since their establishment in 1966 (Aggarwal). Cabatos 5 In the Philippines, special economic zones have already been established even before the Special Economic Zone Act of 1995 became a law. It was in 1923 that the Chamber of trade of the Philippines first conceptualized the creation of exp ort processing zones or special economic zones.By 1967 the first export processing zone, the Bataan Export affect Zone (BEPZ) was established by virtue of Presidential Decree No. 66 of then-President Ferdinand Marcos. Since then, several others have been established including two of the country? s major special economic zones the Clark Special Economic Zone and the Subic Bay Freeport Zone (Mallari and Padilla). The Special Economic Zone Act of 1995 was the government? s response to the call of rural industrialization of the 1993-1998 Medium Term Philippine Development Plan.In pursuit for the aim of dispersing the industrialization scheme outside the National Capital Region, the government developed special economic zones by dint of its Philippines 2000 program (Mallari and Padilla). With the SEZs? goal of promoting the flow of investments and generation of employment, studies have been conducted focusing on three of the major special economic zones in the country, the Bataan Expo rt impact Zone (BEPZ), the Clark Special Economic Zone (CSEZ) and the Subic Bay Freeport Zone, to project into the benefits and drawbacks of creating these special economic zones to Philippine economy and society.Looking into the working conditions of the Bataan Export Processing Zone, survey results have shown that bulk of the labor force was composed of female workers, accounting for seventy-four percent (74%) of the total workforce, 67% of which are young or are 24 years old and below. Moreover, workers have been found to be versed relative to the job they have been hired for in the Bataan Export Processing Zone. Sixty percent (60%) had ruined high school education and 16% pursued a post-secondary education (Mallari and Padilla). Cabatos 6 Significant balance in the profits of male and female workers was lso observed. Female workers were given a lower basic wage relative to that of male workers. Furthermore, one-third of the employees were paid below the minimum wage for the Bataan region. Despite the uneven and wanting(p) wages of workers, laborers sill work six days per week. A quarter of the labor force worked for 60 hours and 5% worked for more than 70 hours per week, where 46% worked overtime. The postulate reported that the working hours of workers per week in the Bataan Export Processing Zone were greater than the standard working hours of 8 hours per day and 48 hours per week (Mallari and Padilla).In conclusion, the Bataan Export Processing Zone was observed to have failed in creating sufficient opportunities of employment for the labor force in Mariveles, Bataan because of the limited capacity of enterprises to absorb the ever-increasing furnish of labor in the area. The BEPZ, despite being momentarily able to generate adequate employment opportunities, has not catalyzed the growth of other economic activities in the region (Mallari and Padilla). The Clark Special Economic Zone (CSEZ) and the Subic Bay Freeport Zone were created by virtue o f Republic Act No. 227, otherwise cognize as the Bases Conversion and Development Act of 1992. The act aimed to convert Clark and Subic U. S. military bases, together with their extensions and substations, into productive noncombatant and economic use of lands through the establishment of special economic zones (Republic Act No. 7227). Similar to the performance of the Bataan Export Processing Zone, the Clark Special Economic Zone, despite having been able to continuously expand employment opportunities in Pampanga and increased the value of exports, has not proven to have generated substantial employment.The thousands of job opportunities provided for the labor supply in Pampanga is not significant in proportion with total employment of Pampanga (Mallari and Padilla). Cabatos 7 A study on the decisive factors in establishing enterprises in Subic concludes that investors opt to create businesses in Subic because of competitively-priced raw materials and the abundance of skilful an d literate labor force (Go and Tatad). Add the incentives given to these enterprises and you get a multi-million dollar business enterprise booming in profit while compromising the benefits and quality of their labor force.How special then is the Special Economic Zone Act of 1995 and its SEZs? We recall that the goal for the enactment of this law and the creation of special economic zones is to take the Philippine industrialization scheme outside of Metro Manila, promote rural industrialization and the vertebral column of economic activity in less urbanized regions, generate employment and ease the regional income inequality and the poverty gap among social classes. However, there seems to be a mishap, not on the law but on the implementation of the law.In policy, special economic zones promote balanced growth by spreading the industrialization in rural regions and SEZs are indisputably effective in promoting foreign and local investments in areas where they are located. Although S EZs have been established outside the National Capital Region, it is evident that a large number of these SEZs, especially the largest and about dynamic ones have been established in areas proximate to NCR and still leaving behind Visayas and Mindanao in the economic progress of Luzon.There have been improvements in the national regional income inequality but are largely overdue to changes in inequality between top ranking regions in Luzon (Clarete and Veron). Just how special is it then? Cabatos 8 China and other Asian countries have done it. Why haven? t we? Is it because of the law? No. It is because of the poor system that we have, a system driven by money and stained by corruption. And unless we suck up the change to a cleaner, more efficient and a better system, special? would only be in the name of Republic Act No. 7916, not on Philippine society. Cabatos 9 Works Cited Aggarwal, Aradhna. dissemble of Special Economic Zones on Employment, Poverty and Human Development. Wo rking Paper. Indian Council for Reserch on International Economic Relations. May 2007. Web. 15 March 2013 Alejandro, Ethel P. and Roselie B. Tubeo. Clark Special Economic Zone An Assessment of Costs and Benefits. Quezon metropolis University of the Philippines Diliman civilize of Economics, October 1998. Print. Altbeker, Antony, Katie McKeown and Ann Bernstein. Special Economic Zones Lessons for South Africa from international evidence and local. Centre for Development and Enterprise Round Table.Johannesburg, South Africa The Centre for Development and Enterprise, June 2012. Web. 15 March 2013 Anderson, Eric Moltzau. Economic Implications of Clark and Subic. Quezon city University of the Philippines Diliman naturalise of Economics, September 1996. Print. Beltran, Barbara and Ma. Lumen B. Isleta. The government of Industrial Estates in the Philippines an Inquiry into the dissemble of Bataan Export Processing Zone on the Philippine Economy. Quezon City University of the Philip pines Diliman schoolhouse of Economics, 18 March 1981. Print. Clarete, Kenneth Jordan M. nd Alvin F. Veron. Economic Zones and the Regional Income Inequality in the Philippines. Quezon City University of the Philippines Diliman School of Economics, April 2009. Print. Cabatos 10 Farole, Thomas and Gokhan Akinci. Special Economic Zones Progress, Emerging Challenges and Future Directions. Washington DC The World Bank. 2011. Web. 16 March 2013 Go, Marie Fleurdeliz Uy and Maria Raissa Cantero Tatad. A Case Study on Foreign Investment in Philippine Special Economic Zones The Analysis of the Factors Significant to Foreign Firms Investing in the Subic Bay Freeport Zone.Quezon City University of the Philippines Diliman School of Economics, March 1995. Print. Inciong, Leslie M. and Ma. Joy Kathleen U. Rabago. An Evaluation of the Economic Performance of Two Hybrid Ecozones Subic Bay Freeport and Calabarzon Growth Network. Quezon City University of the Philippines Diliman School of Economi cs, 16 October 1998. Print. Mallari, Christine Mae G. and Mary Prudence H. Padilla. Employment Generation and Working Condition at Clark Special Economic Zone. Quezon City University of the Philippines Diliman School of Economics, 2000. Print. Republic Act No. 7227. 13 March 1992.Philippine Bases Conversion and Development Authority. 20 March 2013. Web. 20 March 2013 Republic Act No. 7916. 24 February 1995. Official Gazette. Web. 11 March 2013. The 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines . 11 February 1987. Official Gazette. Web. 11 March 2013 Cabatos 11 Wang, Jin. The Economic Impact of Special Economic Zones Evidence from Chinese Municipalities. Job Market Paper. London School of Economics. November 2009. Web. 13 March 2013 Yeung, Yue-man, Joanna Lee and Gordon Kee. Chinas Special Economic Zones at 30. The Chinese University of Hong Kong. 2009. Web. 19 March 2013.