Communicable Disease for Staphylococcus Poisoning- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Communicable Disease for Staphylococcus Poisoning. Answer: The outbreak of Staphylococcus food poisoning when traced back with the two kitchen staffs. One was well but has positive pathogen detected in the nasal swab but other has a septic finger. (Derde, et al, 2014). Between the two one that is well and has positive swab infection is said to be colonized among the two carriers this is because the colonization of the microbes take place is that after infection even if it grows in the body, it do not cause any symptoms. If the syringe of H.I.V positive user is shared, then H.I.V will spread. The H.I.V virus is the source. Transmission of the disease occurs when any normal person uses the same syringe of the infected person. The latent H.I.V viruses have the reservoirs in the immune cells. The reservoirs can be found throughout the body including brain, lymph nodes, blood and even in the digestive glands. After entering the body the virus inserts their genetic blueprint, D.NA into the host immune cells such as the CD4 cells. It remains latent when it manufactures the proteins. After the proteins are produced, the immune system gets totally disrupted. In any endemic area, when other influences are equal, immunogenicity is inversely proportional to the transmissibility. This is because the speed with which the immunity develops in the population is inversely related. Immunogenicity is the ability of the organism to produce the immune response and provides shielding affect against reinfection. In endemic conditions the immunogenicity becomes thus inversely proportion to the transmission because as the immune response increase in a population, the less will be the expression of the infections and less will be the spread of the disease in a population. The reason behind the influence of the antigenic variation and the immunogenicity is that when antigenic variation occurs the pathogens can change their surface proteins in order to evade the immune response of the host (Coscolla et al, 2015). Antigenic variation not only causes immune evasion by the pathogens but also allows the re infection for the pathogens. This is because due to antigenic variation their antigens are no longer recognized by the host immune response. When any organism is exposed to any antigen then it produces antibodies and the immune response is generated. Thus with antigenic variation, there is the alteration of the proteins and carbohydrate molecules. If there is genetic variation, there will be the antigenic variation that will support the acquired immune response. Poliomyelitus is the virus transmitted infectious disease. This mainly affects the children. The virus is spread between the persons mainly through the faecal oral route as given in the case study. Since the virus invades the nervous system paralysis occurs. In the endemic case, it mainly affects a particular age group because at the age below 5 the children are in the process of acquiring immunity, as a result, the immune response is not that strong to resist the attack of the foreign pathogens of polio. However the pathogenicity does increase with age, Again infection is followed by lifelong strain specific immunity. The clinical and subclinical ratio will give the approximate estimation of the symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals in a population for any endemic infectious disease. After knowing the scenario of hepatitis infection, it can be known that hepatitis mainly infects the adult population than the children. The spread of hepatitis A occurs widespread in the Australian and American adults in the workplace. So while advising the Community Aid Abroad, the protection of the overseas working environment, the preventive measures can be suggested to them (Mohd Hanafiah et al, 2013). The blood awareness alert which by making them know about the spread of the pathogen through the blood. They must be given advice on the use of protective barriers like the gloves, gowns, masks. The protective measures will reduce the risk of exposure of the health care workers skin or mucus membrane. For individual worker, they can be also given advice the use of protective barriers while working in the workplace. Sexually transmitted infections are blood borne and they are of significant health concerns in Australia. It is the part of continued response to the Western Australian Department of health. They update the clinical guidelines for the promotion of best practice for the management of health issues related to sexually transmitted. They provide specialized advice for the HIV and other STD (Villarino, et al, 2015). They contain the most updated version of the evidence based practice and recommendations that the professionals can launch to control the diseases. They provide the wide range of testing and treatment facilities (Des Jarlais et al, 2015). The blue book gives the guidelines for control of infectious diseases in Australia that has been published with the help of Communicable diseases prevention and control units of the Victorian department of Health that assist the practitioners of the health departments in control and prevention of the infectious diseases. They provide the guidelines of the requirements and the notification of cause of infectious disease. They even identify the infectious agents of the diseases (Sharland et al, 2016). The incubation period, reservoir, latent period, mode of transmission, the period of communicability, susceptibility, and resistance are given for any infectious disease. They inform about the control measures for patients and contact and the outbreak measures to prevent an endemic condition. The control of communicable disease manual is the book that refers to the identification and control of any infectious disease. The public health is always concerned with the control of communicable diseases. This will provide the most updated version of the control measures that can be taken to resist the outcome. This book very well explains the infection and transmission of the leading Zika virus that has developed recently. They will give the views in the strategic development of the guidance based latest science and help in managing the public health professionals. Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted infection that is caused by the pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoea, the agent of the disease. This coffee bean shaped diplococci bacteria cause the pathogenesis in the environment through the sexually transmitted infection. The bacteria cause pelvic inflammation of women and causes infertility. The NT and STI Control of the guidelines recommend the antibiotic treatment which is immediate for the high risk and symptomatic people affected with Chlamydia and gonorrhoea, without the wait for the confirmatory tests to be done. This has helped to prevent the disease because the antibiotic kills the bacteria before it changes into its virulent nature after integrating its DNA prints into the host. The symptoms naturally develop not before 30 days. The latent period of the bacteria is due to the insertion of its genetic material into the host genome. But the prevention procedure has helped a lot to prevent the outcome of the disease as the pathogens will be killed beforehand and the symptoms will not emerge (Templeton et al, 2014). The two other control methods for STI, they are the use of latex condoms, avoid sharing of the towels, get tested for H.I.V. These can lot prevent the transmission of the sexually transmitted bacteria s most of the bacteria is transmitted by the fluid and blood contact with the infectious person. The increase of gonorrhea in the population may have been due to the sexual contact with the infected person and the antibiotic resistance of the bacteria (Ventola, 2015). The antibiotic resistance has failed to kill the disease in time as a result of the increase in infection, greater has been its transmissibility. Even the higher dose of ceftriaxone by injection and other antibiotics have not shown the preventive effects, as a result, the infectious disease ruled with pathogenesis and also became communicable. Disease number Non disease number Total Positive number 750 150 900 Negative number 50 9050 9100 total 800 9200 10,000 Sensitivity- 750/ (750+50) * 100 = 93.75% Specificity- 150/ (150+9050) * 100 = 1.63% Positive predictive value- 750/ (750+150) * 100 = 83.33% Negative predictive value- 9200/ (9200+800) * 100 = 92% The percentage of asymptomatics of women and men for gonorrhoea will give the ability to define the case in a population that is notified to get affected. It will give the warning system to detect the outbreak. It is a very practical approach to identify the communicable disease by increasing the number of false positive. Thus the percentages of the asymptomatic for the men and women will give the sensitivity in the surveillance of a disease. In the epidemiological characteristics, the apparent asymptomatic rates of men and women refer that women in the population are less affected than male. The male has the more chance in that population to be affected with gonorrhea. For sensitive case definition, the example for a communicable disease can be chicken pox and hepatitis. This disease surveillance is based on the proportion of actual cases in a population. For specific case definition, the communicable disease that can be used is H.I.V because it depends on the specific agent. It will give the more accurate description for the cases but at the expense of missing true cases. References Coscolla, M., Copin, R., Sutherland, J., Gehre, F., de Jong, B., Owolabi, O., ... Gagneux, S. (2015). M. tuberculosis T cell epitope analysis reveals paucity of antigenic variation and identifies rare variable TB antigens.Cell host microbe,18(5), 538-548. Derde, L. P., Cooper, B. S., Goossens, H., Malhotra-Kumar, S., Willems, R. J., Gniadkowski, M., ... Arago, I. (2014). Interventions to reduce colonisation and transmission of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in intensive care units: an interrupted time series study and cluster randomised trial.The Lancet infectious diseases,14(1), 31-39. Des Jarlais, D. C., Nugent, A., Solberg, A., Feelemyer, J., Mermin, J., Holtzman, D. (2015). Syringe service programs for persons who inject drugs in urban, suburban, and rural areasUnited States, 2013.MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep,64(48), 1337-41. Mohd Hanafiah, K., Groeger, J., Flaxman, A. D., Wiersma, S. T. (2013). Global epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection: New estimates of age?specific antibody to HCV seroprevalence.Hepatology,57(4), 1333-1342. Sharland, M., Butler, K., Cant, A., Dagan, R., Davies, G., de Groot, R., ... Giaquinto, C. (Eds.). (2016).Manual of childhood infections: the blue book. Oxford University Press. Templeton, D. J., Read, P., Varma, R., Bourne, C. (2014). Australian sexually transmissible infection and HIV testing guidelines for asymptomatic men who have sex with men 2014: a review of the evidence.Sexual Health,11(3), 217-229. Ventola, C. L. (2015). The antibiotic resistance crisis: part 1: causes and threats.Pharmacy and Therapeutics,40(4), 277. Villarino, M. E., Scott, N. A., Weis, S. E., Weiner, M., Conde, M. B., Jones, B. (2015). for the International Maternal Pediatric and Adolescents AIDS Clinical Trials Group (IMPAACT) and the Tuberculosis Trials Consortium (TBTC). Treatment for preventing tuberculosis in children and adolescents: a randomized clinical trial of a 3-Month, 12-dose regimen of a combination of rifapentine and isoniazid.JAMA Pediatr,169(3), 247-255.

Samples of Essay Writing in English - an in Depth Anaylsis on What Works and What Doesnt

Samples of Essay Writing in English - an in Depth Anaylsis on What Works and What Doesn't The great things about samples is they are available online and you need to cover them. There are certain sorts of essays we've given as samples to help students acquaint themselves and learn to write distinctive samples. The process for purchasing a customized essay is so simple. Whatever it is that you will need to focus on polishing on, then you will discover available English study materials. The Argument About Samples of Essay Writing in English In addition, you don't need to do it alone. No paper written for a different client is used for a different customer. When doing this, you'll obtain an unbelievable expertise in writing. You have to give ideas from the get-go, however, which means that your students do not end up totally overwhelmed. Since you are learning English, you really have a benefit. Writing, generally speaking, develops and improves an individual general communication abilities. Yes, there's somebody who can aid you with your essays expert essay writers at MyPerfectWords. They don't have to be difficult! Creative essays should have a topic. The introduction portion of the essay is followed by the body section, that's the most important part of the paper. For the very first part, you will always be requested to compose an essay, as it's the sole option provided. The most significant thing is that you justify all you say in your essay. Nobody expects your very first essay to be ideal. If you need to compose a longer or more elaborate essay, it may help to outline each side of the argument before you begin writing. There's an indented long quote within this paragraph The previous sentence provides the response to the essay question. The previous sentence provides the response to the essay question. Essay Edge is an internet essay editing resource that aids with academic and admissions essays. You obtain a preview of your essay and ask to produce corrections if necessary. Here's What I Know About Samples of Essay Writing in English There's no need to appear elsewhere! There are many smaller details to learn, and the procedure takes quite a bit of time and commitment. There are two or three things which I do feel I lack the confidence and skill to do, and that is precisely what I aspire to gain from participating in Capstone. Even with the quick period, you had the ability to fix my problem. Additionally, by arguing for the other side of your opinion, you are going to learn which points you want to better address in your essay. A thesis is the principal argument of your essay. When formulating an English subject, you can know how long is expected for research in front of a student submits their paper. Though an absolutely free instance of an essay can function as an ex tremely guide, the fact remains that your professors generally assign work that expects you to incorporate course material or recent newspaper articles. When you have gathered ideas on this issue, you have to properly set your thoughts into words. After you own a thesis, think about your primary topic and discover words that relate to it in various ways. The information in this post is mostly for bettering your essay writing over time. English topics aren't easy to produce.

How to Use the Best HBCU Lifestyle Research Paper Topics Ideas and Topics

How to Use the Best HBCU Lifestyle Research Paper Topics Ideas and TopicsMany researchers are coming up with new ideas, methods of HBCU lifestyle research paper topics ideas and topics. The breakthroughs, these researchers have made have given the world a new way to look at the development of technology and science.The most challenging part of HBCU lifestyle research paper topics ideas and topics is the researches involved in proving that everything we consume comes from bad cholesterol. These two things are not mutually exclusive. So, before going for research, it is better to go for scientific research to study the positives and negatives of both the aspects. This is the best way to start with any research paper topic ideas and topics.There are many HBCU lifestyle research paper topics ideas and topics where the bad cholesterol theory is dominant. The advantage of this idea is that it can be developed over the years without any adjustments. With this idea, the researcher will not h ave to face any problems when it comes to searching for relevant data. One can easily go for this idea since the lipid and bad cholesterol levels have been identified in each country. The question remains: does this idea have a high accuracy rate?Another HBCU research paper topics ideas and topics are the discussion on the cholesterol myths. The discussion shows how widely the belief is that bad cholesterol causes heart attacks. Hence, this idea has proved to be helpful to a large extent in the hands of researchers. They can easily get valid results with this research because it does not need any technical expertise. Besides, the factors behind the connection between bad cholesterol and the formation of heart disease are not very complicated to determine.The next HBCU research paper topics ideas and topics are based on the research conducted by others. As compared to the researches done by those who are not highly qualified, the one done by well-qualified and high-grade researchers give better results. There are some researches done by researches that are quite basic in nature. Those were done by professionals and very highly qualified. The higher the level of the research papers, the more chances of finding out the truth and the unadulterated facts about cholesterol and bad cholesterol levels.While there are other HBCU lifestyle research paper topics ideas and topics that can be achieved by simple changes in the foods we eat, this may prove to be the most challenging research paper topic to achieve. The problem is that it may be possible to change the way we live but then how do we know if it is effective or not? It all depends on how you make your decisions. Thus, it is necessary to be careful while making any decision. People will have to start using the new habits one by one in order to avoid getting addicted to the foods we eat.When it comes to applying HBCU lifestyle research paper topics ideas and topics to improve the health of the citizens, everything is dependent on how the citizens respond to the changes we make. Most of the times, it is very difficult to control the citizens because they may choose whatever way they want to. Since the subjects are ready to do whatever we want them to do, the best way to get results is to use natural methods.The human body has been designed in such a way that it cannot withstand the detrimental effects of such unnatural methods. The human body has a built-in mechanism that can deal with the abnormal changes that come in such unnatural methods. It is up to us as individuals to make the appropriate decision to ensure that we are not left alone with such unnatural methods.

Life, Death and Nytimes or Wsj -- Writer Essay on Alzheimers 2017

Life, Death and Nytimes or Wsj -- Writer Essay on Alzheimers' 2017 You can't writer hundreds of novels if you don't write, each and every moment. A writer's profession is one of the most ancient ones. It's a cliche, as it's true. An excellent essay writer is in a position to handle their time well as a way to freelance, meaning he or she's available at all times for work. A 1 hour essay deadline may be a true problem, if you're not good enough at writing and expressing your ideas on a topic you aren't really interested in. The individual starts speaking in gibberish, and is challenging to comprehend. So even when you believe the essay writing topic is too hard, our essay paper writers can solve it with no hassle. Getting able to compose a great essay is a crucial skill for your future. Our on-line essay writer still has much to supply you. Choosing online essay writers isn't a nightmare anymore. While the majority of the essay types demand the writers to stay objective and utilize evidence to do the goal, you begin an exploratory essay without any specific end in mind. Regardless of what essay topic you're given, our essay generator will have the ability to finish your essay easily. Do not be concerned if you can't finish an essay or research paper on a particular topic. An analytical essay is a kind of writing that presents a particular focus than a summarizing a specific facet of a subject. When you purchase an essay from us, you're guaranteed to relish individual approach because essay help offered by our writers is always customized depending on your requirements. The feedback they provide is vital. The kind of essay in which you aim at persuading the reader to adopt your perspective. The majority of the readers read the introduction and conclusion and decide whether to read the entire article or not, so its quite important to write a great conclusion. If you order from us, you can secure a draft of your paper to be sure your writer is heading in the proper direction. Some will have their writers disappear simply to appear with a minimal excellent paper too near the deadline or following the deadline. Writers should adhere to the basic writing styles as a way to complete superior essays. Our writers and editors wish to receive your paper the maximum accomplishment possible. The Honest to Goodness Truth on Nytimes or Wsj -- Writer Essay on Alzheimers' 2017 Int roduction ought to be carrying the nature of the principal body giving the understanding of the topic of coursework writing done. Other essay services might be more efficient regarding their operations but they're not quite as effective as us. Throughout the procedure, you're the manager of your purchase, and you may always speak to your writer to work out some questions or in the event the first requirements have changed. For this reason, you shouldn't wait until customer support will get in touch with your writer and you'll obtain a response. What you should do is to fill out the purchase form, make a payment, and in a couple minutes, you'll get your private essay helper. There are lots of companies on the internet that provide a private essay writer and knowing the perfect one to choose can be rather difficult. When it has to do with lengthy orders, they'll be automatically divided into several parts for you as well as your writer's safety and convenience. A number of the services online will provide you the ability to cover ready-made work, others are going to lure you by suspiciously very low rates. You are able to check our site regularly to understand the latest offers or to speak to our support team so they tell you exactly what you can receive if you pay for essay today. Keeping your brain fit is just one of the most effective ways to make sure that you prevent this issue. The One Who Doesn't Care On the opposing side, you also have encountered with this kind of a tutor who doesn't bother at anyhow and you may say that they've come only for the money. Eventually in the last stages, Alzheimer's patients become completely out of action and not able to deal with their most fundamental life functions, like eating and using the restroom. Well, it may be an event of experienced symptoms and unidentified wellness condition. The Chronicles of Nytimes or Wsj -- Writer Essay on Alzheimers' 2017 As a way to prove who's correct we must first understand what Alzheimer's is, what are its symptoms and the way it impacts the human mind. Alzheimer's disease is among the most serious complications that influence the brain and the whole body in the practice. Therefore, it has characteristics related to a memory loss that eventually affects the normal functioning of an individual. It may just be a part of growing old.

ACT Sample Essay Prompt

ACT Sample Essay PromptOne way to make sure that your ACT sample essay prompt is appropriate for your class is to read it again. Any change in the wordings or grammatical structures will cause a reader to become skittish and unwilling to finish the essay.The sample essay prompt should include all of the information a student needs to know in order to comprehend the essay. If the topic is not included, a question mark should be placed in the essay. Make sure that you do not leave out any information or omit any details.An ACT sample essay will generally have three parts. In the first part, there should be a personal statement that summarizes the essay. At the end of the personal statement, a conclusion should be written.In the second part, there should be a discussion section that asks students to reflect on what they learned from the focus group. In addition, you might include a secondary question that requires the students to come up with their own ideas about how the focus group pr oduced the ideas discussed. Finally, the focus group should be discussed at the end of the essay.In the third part, the focus group will be used to assess the strengths and weaknesses of each student in the focus group. There should be a letter of recommendation at the end of the essay. It should be short and to the point. Do not spend too much time praising or criticizing the students in the focus group.Some people prefer to use a longer essay with a third part for the focus group. However, this can be tiring for the students, and you may want to limit the number of students who participate in the focus group. Make sure the objective of the essay is to write about the group rather than discussing the focus group.In the third section of an ACT sample essay prompt, the main focus should be on the qualities of the students in the focus group. The focus should be on how the students were able to come up with ideas about the topic of the group and the people who they were able to talk t o. The essay should have plenty of space for questions so that the students can choose which questions they would like to answer.In the fourth section of an ACT sample essay prompt, you will need to write about why the students in the focus group were able to write the way they did. A good place to start is with the students' attitude about the topics of the discussion.

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Pregnancy and Humans in Space

Pregnancy and Humans in Space No matter where they live, many people eventually end up having kids, even in some of the most out-of-the-way spots on the planet. But, will they be able to live and work in space and have children? Or on the Moon? Or on Mars? Humans being humans, they will very likely try. Whether they succeed or not depends on a lot of factors. One vision of Mars habitats that will provide shelter for astronauts as they learn to explore the planet. Eventually, they could be raising families on the Red Planet, in more extensive habitats that may well be underground. What will those children be like?. NASA As humans prepare for a future off Earth, mission planners are finding answers to a number of questions about long-term space residency. One of the most perplexing is Can women get pregnant in space? Its a fair one to ask since the future of humans in space depends on our ability to reproduce out there. Is Pregnancy Possible in Space? The technical answer to that question is: yes, its possible to become pregnant in space. Theres nothing known about being in space that would prevent egg and sperm from uniting to make a baby. Of course, a woman and her partner need to be able to actually have  sex in space  in order to for those cells to get together in the first place. Additionally,  both she and her partner must  be fertile. Cycles infertility can be checked, and the mom and dad could then choose the right time to make that space baby. However, theres more required than doing the deed. It turns out there are significant other hurdles that stand in the way of having what it takes to make a baby and then  remaining pregnant once fertilization takes place. Barriers to Child-bearing in Space The primary problems with becoming and remaining pregnant in space are radiation and low-gravity environments. Its important to understand both.  Ã‚   The Moon has practically no atmosphere and no way to filter out harmful radiation. Humans living there would face some radiation danger from solar particles and cosmic rays. This could have a profound effect on a couples ability to start a family.   NASA Radiation can affect a mans sperm count, rendering him infertile, possibly permanently. It can also harm a developing fetus. Radiation hazards exist here on Earth, too, as anyone who has taken a medical x-ray or who works in a high-radiation environment knows. Its why both men and women are usually supplied with protective aprons when they get x-rays or other diagnostic work. The idea is to keep stray radiation from interfering with egg and sperm production. Once an embryo is created, its subject to the same radiation dangers as the mother. Conditions that Could Interfere with Pregnancy Lets say that conception happens after a couple gets together on the space station or during a trip to Mars or even after they land on the Red Planet. The radiation environment in space (or on Mars) is severe enough that it would prevent cells in the fetus from replicating. Thus, no baby would be brought to term.   Mars has a thicker atmosphere than the Moon, but it still is not enough to shield humans from radiation. This is another place where humans could face difficulties conceiving and birthing children. Credit:NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS In addition to the high radiation, astronauts live and work in very low-gravity environments. The exact effects are still being studied in detail on lab animals (such as rats). However, its very clear that a gravity environment is needed for proper bone development and growth. When astronaut Scott Kelly (and others) spent long periods on the International Space Station,  they showed significant changes in their health. Similar issues could affect a developing fetus. Such atrophy is why astronauts have to exercise in space regularly in order to prevent muscle atrophy and loss of bone mass. A growing embryo or fetus could be permanently altered, right down to the DNA. Solutions to the Radiation Problem Clearly, if people are to venture out into space on a more permanent basis (like extended trips to Mars) radiation hazards need to be minimized, not just for the adults but for any possible children born on the trips.  But how to do that? Astronauts taking extended trips into space will be on ships that are likely not to provide the heaviest radiation shielding. Once they get to Mars, for example, theyll be subjected to a lot of radiation on the surface that is not stopped by the thin atmosphere. Also, the lower gravity on Mars (and on the Moon, for those who migrate there), will be an issue.   The Orion crew capsule (shown here in water recovery testing) is a typical crew-carrying spacecraft that is shielded to protect astronauts from most radiation. Special precautions and materials must be used to protect crew members. Future spacecraft will need similar protective environments. NASA   So if permanent residencies are ever going to exist on Mars or the Moon, like those proposed by Dr. Mae Jemison for the  Hundred-year Starship, then better shielding technology would have to be developed. Since NASA is already thinking of solutions to these problems, its likely that radiation will cease to become as big a threat as it is now. Overcoming the Gravity Problem The problem of a lower gravity environment may be more difficult to overcome if humans are to successfully reproduce in space. Life in low gravity affects a number of body systems, including muscular development and eyesight. So, it may be necessary to supply an artificial gravity environment in space to mimic what humans evolved to expect here on Earth. The good news is there are some spacecraft designs in the pipeline, like the Nautilus-X, that employ artificial gravity designs. These use centrifuges that would allow for at least a partial gravity environment on part of the ship. Anyone who has ridden a ride such as the Mission Space experience at Disney Worlds EPCOT center has felt the gravitational effects that a centrifuge can supply.   The problem with such designs is that they cant yet replicate a full gravity environment, and even then occupants would be constrained to one part of the ship located in the centrifuge. This would be difficult to manage. Further exacerbating the problem is fact that the spacecraft needs to land. So what do people do once on the ground in a low-gravity environment on a place like Mars? The Future in Space: No Kids in Space Yet Ultimately, the long-term solution to the problem is the development of anti-gravity technology. Such devices are still a long way off. However, if spaceship technology could somehow manipulate gravity then it would create an environment where a woman could carry a fetus to term. Until that is a possibility, humans going to space currently are very likely using birth control to prevent stillbirths and miscarriages. If they are having sex, its a well-kept secret. But there have been no known pregnancies in space.   Nonetheless, humans will have to face a future that includes space-born and Mars- or Moon-born children. These people will be perfectly adapted to their homes, and oddly enough- the Earth environment will be alien to them. It will certainly be a very brave and interesting new period in human history!   Edited and updated by Carolyn Collins Petersen.