Culture of Cherokee American Indians Essay

Scholars differ on where the Cherokee subculture came from and when they arrived on their traditional lands in the Southeast. The archaeological record of human occupancy of the Southeast goes back to at least 10,000 B. C. (Muller, 1978, p. 283; Canouts and Goodyear, 1985, p. 181), but this does not mean the Cherokees, or even their very distant ancestors, were there that early. Cherokees, as Cherokees, did not exist nearly so far back in time, nor did they necessarily emerge from the first or even from early occupants of the Southeast. The Cherokees as a more or less distinct American Indian people seem to be at the very most only one or two thousand years old. They may have developed from other American Indian peoples already in the Southeast, or they may have migrated there from another region. The Cherokees say they and other human beings were created after plants and animals were made. Plants and animals were told by the creator–the Cherokees do not know who he or she was–to stay awake for seven nights and watch the world. Most could not do so. Of the plants, only the spruce, cedar, pine, holly, and laurel trees were able to watch so long: that is why they are now green all year. Of the animals, only the owl, the panther, and a few others were able to stay awake: that is why they see at night and prey on those who must sleep. Human beings were then created: â€Å"At first there were only a brother and sister until he struck her with a fish and told her to multiply, and so it was. † Seven days afterward the girl had a child; another came seven days later, then another, and so forth, and the human beings â€Å"increased very fast until there was danger that the world could not keep them. Then it was made that a woman should have only one child in a year, and it has been so ever since† (Mooney, 1982, p. 240). The Cherokees do not now know when or how some humans first became Cherokees. Almost certainly they had their origins in an ancient time, distinct from the present, when things were not as they are now. The Cherokees think they may even have emerged from the ground after other human beings were created, for it is said there is another world under the surface, identical except that the seasons are different. According to the Cherokees, â€Å"The streams that come down from the mountains are the trails by which we reach this underworld, and the springs at the heads are the doorways by which we enter it, but to do this one must fast and go to water and have one of the underground people for a guide† ( Mooney, 1982, p. 240). Some scholars have asserted that this is where the name Cherokee came from–given them by their neighbours. The scholars have argued that Cherokee means â€Å"cave people,† for the Cherokees are said to have come from under the ground (Reid, 1970, p. 3) and also lived in a mountainous land full of caves. The eighteenth-century trader James Adair asserted that the name came from the (apparently Cherokee) word chee-ra, meaning (sacred) fire, forming cheera-tahge, or â€Å"men possessed of the divine fire† (Adair, 1930, p. 237). Probably the name is from the Creek chilokee, â€Å"people of a different speech,† as John W. Swanton has stated; perhaps it is the name from which the form Chalaque was derived (Swanton, 1985, p. 49-50). The anthropologist John Witthoft supported this interpretation, based on his work with Eastern Cherokee â€Å"informants†: â€Å"The name came from the Creek, Celokokalke, ‘people of another language’. † He asserted, â€Å"The Creek name by which the Cherokee were first known to Europeans became the general name for them in the Southeast, and was soon accepted even by the Cherokee themselves; names for other tribal groups have come into existence after a similar fashion† (Witthoft, 1947, p. 305). The Cherokees commonly called themselves Tsalagi or, in the plural, Ani-Tsalagi, perhaps â€Å"corrupted† to form the name Cherokee or perhaps derived from the same word as Cherokee. According to James Mooney, their proper name for themselves was Yunwiya or, in the plural, Ani-Yunwiya. It means, more or less, â€Å"the people,† â€Å"the real people,† or â€Å"the principal people† (Mooney, 1982, p. 15). Tradition played an important role in Cherokee clans. It made sure certain elements of a culture from generation to generation were passed down. Such as, the traditional matrilineal Cherokee family structure, which means descent, is traced through the female line (Conley, 2002). The children belonged to the mother and her family clan. There was not any relatedness with the father and he’s family clan. This family structure provided a safe and secure environment for women and children. Also, it meant the man lived in the wife’s house, surrounded by her clan’s people, so he would not dare to abuse her unless he wanted a tribal beating. Women were largely incorporated into the tribes. Not only was she the head of her domain with mutually respected power and authority, she had equal say in the affairs of war and peace. She was also in charge of the household and nourishment of her family. The women were involved in many functions of daily life. It seems as if the women were the tribe, but not for long. Years after the first American contact, European traders living amongst would marry Cherokee women. European traders could not accept that fact of tracing descent through the female line, but slowly the clan system gave into the European style bilateral family, which traced descent through both male and female (Conley, 2002). The Cherokee were not too happy with this movement. It jeopardized the Cherokee’s clan traditional ways of a matrilineal family structure carried on for many centuries. Nevertheless, the Cherokees could do nothing about it. Before the first known contacts, life of the Cherokee nation had grown and thrived for many years in the south-eastern United States in the lower Appalachian Mountains in states such as: Georgia, Tennessee, North and South Carolina, and parts of Kentucky and Alabama. However, in less than thirty years, after the first recorded contact with outsiders, in particular with Hernado De Soto in his expedition of 1540, the Cherokee Indians reformed their culture. Many adaptations took place which resembled similar American cultures. The Cherokee soon built schools and court systems. This infuriated Andrew Jackson, a supporter of the Indian removal policy. After awhile, George Gist, also known as Sequoyah, established a Cherokee written language, utilizing an ingenious alphabet of 86 characters in 1821 (Ehle, 1925). Soon, this was adopted into Cherokee culture and a newspaper was formed. Again, Andrew Jackson grew more furious. He wanted the Cherokees removed off their lands. In 1830, United States Congress passed an Indian Removal Act pushed by President Andrew Jackson following the recommendation of former President James Monroe in his final address to Congress in 1825 (King, 1979). This act enforced the previous Georgia Compact of 1802, since many were ignoring that removal act. But, many opposed this Indian Removal Act ratified by congress. After debates over this issue, the oppositionist won. However, Andrew Jackson was able to reinforce the act, due to the Treaty of New Echota on Dec. 29, 1875 (Conley, 2002). The signing of the Treaty of New Echota set the stage for the beginning of Cherokee extermination. The treaty signed away the entire remaining tribal territory east of the Mississippi in exchange for five million dollars and the right to occupy lands west of the Mississippi (King, 1979). Major Ridge, John Ridge, Elies Boudinot, and the rest of the Treaty Party doomed the whole Cherokee Nation when they agreed to sign a fraudulent treaty with the federal government, which did not represent the Cherokee Nation as a whole (Martin, 2001). The Ross Party, people who oppose the removal treaty, tried to resist, but nothing else could be done. This removal process started what was to be known as the â€Å"Trail of Tears† or â€Å"Trail where they cried. † This forced migration journey consisted of thirteen groups of consecutive waves led by Cherokee captions that lasted from August 28, 1838 to March 18, 1839 (Conley, 2002). Over the journey many Cherokees died, approximately, four thousand out of sixteen thousand, due to diseases, exposure, or fatigue (Martin, 2001). The history of the Cherokee people is one of defeat and despair. After the first encounters with Americans, the Cherokee Nation was deteriorating. For instance, Cherokee family structures were changing, vast amounts of lands were being ceded to Americans, and Cherokee Indians were forced from their lands. Overtime, this constant chipping away at the Cherokee Nation, lead to the final Indian removal from homelands and the demise of the Cherokee Nation in southeastern United States. References Adair, James. (1930). Adair’s history of the American Indians. Johnson City, Tenn. : Watauga Press. Canouts, Veletta, and Goodyear, Albert C. (1985). Lithic scatters in the South Carolina Piedmont. In Structure and process in southeastern archaeology, ed. Roy S. Dickens Jr. , and H. Trawick Ward, (pp. 180-94). University: University of Alabama Press. Conley, Robert, J. (2002). Cherokee. Portland: Graphic Arts Center Publishing Co. pp. 24-5, 44. Ehle, John. (1925). Trail of tears. New York: Doubleday Dell Publishing Group, Inc. King, Duane, H. (1979). The Cherokee Indian Nation. Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press. pp. 16, 129. Martin, Ken. (2001). History of the Cherokee. Retrieved February 13, 2006 from cherokeehistory. com Mooney James. (1982). Myths of the Cherokee and sacred formulas of the Cherokees. Nashville: Charles and Randy Elder. Muller Jon D. (1978). The Southeast. In Ancient Native Americans, ed. Jesse D. Jennings, (pp. 281-325). San Francisco: W. H. Freeman. Reid, John P. (1970). A law of blood: The primitive law of the Cherokee Nation. New York: New York University Press. Swanton, John R. (1985). Final report of the United States De Soto Expedition Commission. Washington, D. C. : Smithsonian Institution Press. Witthoft, John. (1947). Notes on a Cherokee migration story. Communicated by W. N. Fenton. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 37, 304-5.

Philosophy of Sport

History of Volleyball History and Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education Lauren Swift March 26, 2010 Volleyball has grown over the past couple of centuries starting in 1865 to the 20th century. There are millions of people playing the game of volleyball and growing more and more each day. Volleyball has gone worldwide and many people have accepted the game and has become the most popular sport than any of the other sports in American and international countries. Volleyball became both a recreational as well as a competitive sport in the United States due to its popularity. The development of volleyball both gave people to play with no stress, fundamental skills, and to just have fun playing this newly developed game. as time went on, competitive play was introduced and more and more teams practiced and developed their skills to become better players at the game of volleyball. Since volleyball’s first origin, the sport has seen amazing changes and variations. Volleyball started out slow but now is in the Olympics every year where millions and millions of people watch the competition of the world’s best teams all over the country. When people watched volleyball at the Olympics or at a professional (college), they would leave thrilled and excited that the game of volleyball had such an impact on them. The game of volleyball was developed by William G. Morgan who was the physical director of the YMCA in Holyoke, Massachusetts. He attended Mount Herman Preparatory School, but after one year transferred to the School for Christian Workers (now Springfield College) where he received a good background in recreational skills (Bertucci p. 11). Springfield College was where the first volleyball game was played and consisted of two teams with five players on each side. He was involved with the Playground Movement in 1890-1900 for group games. Morgan developed future studies under Dr. Luther Gulick who said that games should have many participants rather than only a few. Volleyball began in the middle ages and moved all around the country from there. In 1893 the sport was introduced to Italy and then to Germany and they called the sport Faust ball. Morgan, however, when he developed the game in Holyoke gymnasium he called it mintonette and shortly after in 1896 Morgan changed the name to volleyball. When the first games of volleyball were played and the sport was globally impacting everyone who played the game, volleyball started to become more and more popular. In 1897, the printed rules of volleyball appeared in the first Handbook of the Athletic league of the Young Men’s Christian Association of North America. The game was thus taken by physical directors of the YMCA to countries throughout the world (Bertucci p. 3). In 1915, volleyball became so popular that it was noted as a team sport and was ranked with basketball, football, and baseball as another fantastic game to go into the school programs. Volleyball was also popular near the end or World War 1. The YMCA physical directors introduced to the troops the game of volleyball. The total participation from July 1, 1918 to July, 1, 1919, amounted to nearly a million (985, 876), and the distribution of more than 15,000 volleyballs by the YMCA alone bears out this statement (Bertucci p. 15). In 1924 in Pittsburgh and Pennsylvania, the first scholastic volleyball program was developed by Harry Batchelor and C. Lawrence Walsh. They taught classes about volleyball, organized leagues, and created intramural teams in 1922. In 1946, schools began to develop club teams like; Stanford University, University of California, and Earlham College. In 1974, the federation of High School Athletics developed a committee to encourage on a worldwide scale that every high school be promoted to championships and to write their own rules and regulations. In 1956, there was reported that 60 million people were playing volleyball annually on an organized basis. Growth and development was essential to the game of volleyball and has made it to what it is today. Two organizations played a huge part in the game of volleyball to help get its start and room for growth and development; they are the YMCA and the USVBA. The role of the YMCA was to provide leadership and direction for volleyball and they were the only group that had facilities at that time to open to the public to play volleyball and other sports. The YMCA played such a huge role in the development of volleyball because, when volleyball first started out up until 20 years after the game came into existence, the YMCA ruled volleyball. Things changed after those 20 years and the original rules finally changed. The YMCA in 1916 was the main leaders in having the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) help out with revising the rules and regulations in effect to promote volleyball more efficiently. As a result the Spalding Athletic Library â€Å"blue cover† volleyball rulebook was published (Shondell, and McManama p. 7). The YMCA was the main leader in inventing the sport of volleyball, having facilities and gymnasiums where people can come and play indoors whenever they want, and giving the people a chance to experience and play the game of volleyball. The YMCA also was credited for the competitive aspect of the game and sponsored tournaments and also held their own YMCA championship in 1922. The YMCA continued th ese tournaments and championships while playing indoors until 1928. The USVBA has been around since 1928 and the first 30 years they were in business, volleyball had no direction or any rules of the game to be enforced. The USVBA was created to regulate the rules worldwide and to hold national open tournaments. The â€Å"father of volleyball† was Dr. George J. Fisher and was elected president and served until 1952 of the USVBA. The USVBA had its first actual tournament in Chattanooga, Tennessee that developed three divisions. One division was the maters division, 1949 they added a women’s division, and an armed forces division in 1952 but was cancelled or depleted in 1965. The USVBA consisted of many national organizations to involve all sport groups to promote the regulation of volleyball. The USVBA was the main company to govern the championships and tournaments, promoting the sport, and the rules and regulations of volleyball. The YMCA and the USVBA were the main two companies’ of the competitiveness of volleyball, but other groups contributed for the growth of the game of volleyball. Volleyball has been more and more educated by individuals over the past 30-40 years. Educators fully understood that volleyball was a team sport just like football, baseball, and basketball. The NCAA promoted that volleyball be given to a huge facility to where college students could take place in organized activities. From there volleyball was put into many different aspects of schools, and intramural programs in college settings. In 1960, Midwestern institutions formed an Intercollegiate Association (MIVA) and the main goal was to get volleyball to be included and discovered in Midwestern colleges while regulating the volleyball competition. The MIVA while being respectable were responsible for many types of leadership such as area, international, and national. In the 1960’s intercollegiate sports involved the overall goal of competitive volleyball. The NCAA and the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) conducted investigations into the addition of volleyball to their national championship programs (Shondell, and McManama p. 59). When making intercollegiate history the NAIA made volleyball their 15th competitive sport. By making volleyball their 15th sport the coaches associated was put in place for the first time. The high schools added volleyball as a recreational sport to their physical education classes. The AAHPER â€Å"American Association of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation† gave leadership in volleyball for education purposes. The AAHPER provides charts, newspapers, journals, and many other printed materials to help the teachers with their profession. They were the main contributor to the game of volleyball both competitively and recreationally through the division for Girls and Women’s Sports (DGWS). The spread of volleyball internationally was a huge success and United States armed forces did everything they could to make this happen. England got first introduced to the game of volleyball in 1914 and moved rather quick and fast to Europe. Soldiers even though their training, recreational programs, and busy schedules they were also given a task to promote volleyball in other countries and at home with their families. The YMCA has the credit for promoting volleyball abroad as well spreading the news to Canada, Southern Hemisphere, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Uruguay, and Brazil. The foreign countries when introduced to volleyball they chose to take the competitive side, and they also played recreationally but when it came down to team strategy, and the skill they were very competitive. The International Volleyball Foundation was founded in 1947 in Paris and published rules and presenting or hosting yearly world championships. In 1949 the international competition was under way and the championships were held in Prague. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) designated volleyball as an Olympic team sport in 1957, and it was included in the 1964 and 1968 Olympic Games (Shondell, and McManama p. 0). International competition affected many techniques, riles, and equipment that were used in the United States. For example, the Filipinos made to where you can only hit the ball three times on your side then you have to get it over the net. In effect to the number of hits on each side and the development of â€Å"the spike† in volleyball by international co untries, the United States saw radical changes being made and the United States eventually changed the rules to what the international countries came up with. Volleyball had cultural impacts and contributions when the game was evolving. John D. Giles and Hill were YMCA directors and promoted the sport and they stressed that people should develop strong, positive characters. Both Giles and Hill stressed these important values in the very first volleyball rulebook. Playing with friends, family, or with new people that you just met can be fun and socially interactive. You can play the game and be competitive while socializing and therefore creating new friendships. A volleyball player or the team cannot mesh well together or work effectively if they don’t have loyalty, courtesy, agreeableness, and cooperation. Many volleyball teams can have problems and are usually created by negative attitudes. By playing volleyball you can improve your moral judgment in addition to your skills. For example; if a ball is out and you touched it with your hand then you should be a moral person and be honest about you touching the ball. There are many other values that are good to have with volleyball; alertness, determination, and persistence. Recreational and competitive volleyball is relaxing, fun, and stress free and in today’s society many people could use some stress free time to just relax and have fun. The values of volleyball are very important as to how this sport really flourished. President Eisenhower and President Kennedy encouraged more and more people to get out there and exercise and to be physically fit. The tools and equipment needed to play volleyball are not expensive to get and is a fun game for everyone to play and is easy to get access to as well. Volleyball can promote being active and to staying healthy while not doing too much of a strenuous workout, it gives you time to rest and to collect your thoughts. Volleyball has come a long way in the past 40-50 years since it was first invented. It has made groundwork for new organizations, scholarships, and traveling around the world by playing and creating the game of volleyball. Many changes were made in the United States and in foreign countries and we all came together to experience the joy of volleyball and to help the game flourish. I only played volleyball my senior year of high school and I have never played the sport before but I wish I would have played it earlier because once I experienced the game of volleyball, I fell in love with the game and now I got a scholarship and a great opportunity to keep playing the sport I love. In a sense, volleyball has opened a new door for men, women, kids, and teenagers to experience something new and eventually made its way through history to become one of the most popular sports today. Works Cited Bertucci, Bob. Championship Volleyball by The Experts. Volume 12. West Point, N. Y: Leisure Press, (p. 11-18). Print. Egstrom, Glen H, and Frances Schaafsma. Volleyball: Physical Education Activities Series. Dubuque, Iowa: Wm. C. Brown Company Publishers, 1966. (p. 40-47). Print. Shondell, Donald, and Jerre McManama. Volleyball. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1971. (p. 55-62). Print. Thigpen, Janet. Power Volleyball for Girls and Women. 2nd ed. Dubuque, Iowa: Wm. C. Brown Company Publishers. 1967, 1974. (p. 3-10). Print.

Zalora Retail Marketing

Question 1 (a)Brands and Products Zalora carries ranges from prices as low as $15 to brands that are more of high end or luxury styles. The brands that they carries exceeds over eight hundred various brands and they are being classified clearly into the various wide category such as women, men and children and they are further being classified into the various apparels types so that it is easier for their consumers to choose the products that they want to purchase.It enhances the simplicity of shopping and makes shopping easier. The probability of their success depending on the brands and products is high as they have various brands that are exclusive and not available in major shopping malls such as Feiyue which is popular with sneakers as well as Australian brands Ladakh and cult label Ksubi. Thus, the exclusivity would be one of the major factors that will bring the online boutique to its success. The online store does not only sell clothing.They have diversified and carry much mo re than apparels. They sell items such as exclusive character sun screen from famous cartoon characters as well as ear phones to cater other needs of their consumers. Thus, they have provided more options for their consumers and it creates a one stop shopping outlet for their consumers. Therefore, Zalora has also created another benefit to their customers such as convenience as a wide range of different types of products are available. (b)ShippingOne of the major selling points of Zalora is free Shipping Island wide in Singapore. They also do free delivery within 48 hours so that their customers could receive their items as soon as possible after purchasing it online. It would close up the gap of the waiting time for their purchase items to bring the shopping experience of their customers a better one. This could bring success to Zalora provided that they maintain the standards of their delivery time and keep the delivery period within the promised duration which is 48 hours.As ther e are complaints from customers that there has been late delivery, it could affect the credibility and reputation of the online store and creates a bad image or doubts from online consumers. Other channels such as online forum or facebook sites could be areas of discussion or sharing for consumers and word of mouth could cost the company to lose credibility and sales due to the late delivery of their products. Hence, although the 48 hours shipping is a good selling point for their store, upholding what they have promised their consumers is important as well to contribute to the success of their business. c)Prices Zalora carries have a relatively wide range in prices from an affordable low range price up to SGD$250 and above, the online store is not looking so much into market penetration however, they wish to do more than that to include market skimming as well as consumers’ expectations into their pricing strategy. As online boutiques are rather saturated in the market nowad ays, pricing is an important factor to determine the success of the boutique. There are products that are more affordable and lower in prices.This pricing strategy is to attract more of the consumers that are looking for items that are of better deals and have more of an intention to shop budget. Zalora had looked into this factor and catered for the needs for this group of consumers. Next, Zalora had also products priced at a higher price. The company however, said that it was a â€Å"deliberate move†. As there are various different kinds of consumers in the market, Zalora hopes to capture all of them. There are also consumers that look for some items that are premium and exclusive.The items that Zalora offers that are of a higher price range are leather products such as python skin clutch bag and alligator leather bags. These will attract consumers with needs such as exclusivity even though the pricing may be steeper than regular bags offered in other websites or market. (d )Level of consumer service As online boutiques are different from shopping in a physical store as the consumer largely depend on photos and measurements to decide on their purchase, consumer services are important to the online boutique. In Zalora’s website, they have included five areas in their customer service section in their boutique.The sections that are included would be contact information of the company, frequently asked questions, size measurements, shipping details as well as fashion glossary. Zalora had done well in this aspect as all the information provided in the various segment are detailed and specific. An example would be in the size measurements, there are pictorial guides as well as illustrations accompanying the photos. It helps consumers to minimise the confusion over what sizes they should buy and decreases the disappointment upon receiving the product if the product is not the size that the consumer wants.They have also included a section which is fash ion glossary that many other online boutiques do not have. It helps consumers understand the products better as it explains the various terms or materials of the product sold in the boutique. It helps the consumer to understand the product better. Lastly, they provide a lot of channels for payment methods such as by credit card, NETS as well as cash. It gives consumers options to choose from when deciding on the mode of payment. Hence, the probability of success is rather high in Singapore.

Police stress Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Police stress - Essay Example Stress, actually, is a result of physical and emotional nervousness and anxiety that a person suffers due to pressures from people living in his surrounding or events happening in his life. Stress results in tension, touchiness, lack of concentration, nuisance, bad temper, and a number of physical indications such as headache. Segal et al. assert that â€Å"while some stress is a normal part of life, excessive stress interferes with your productivity and reduces your physical and emotional health, so it’s important to find ways to keep it under control†. A little stress is beneficial as it keeps one going and forces him to maintain his good performance. This is called positive stress. It adds to a person’s wellbeing and health as it leads him to manage things properly. On the other hand, stress becomes an emotional rollercoaster when the police officers are constantly worrying about their performances, input and output, out of fear of their officials. In cases wh ere the officers are constantly bullied, or are taken for granted, or are threatened for delayed or cut down salaries, or are treated harshly, there they undergo negative stress more commonly known as distress. Causes of Stress / Stressors in Police Since police officers are consistently facing human indecency, violence, fights, gore, arrests, threats, and negative behaviors, thus they are very much prone to negative stress. Police officers are also human beings just like us and there is a limit to their forbearance. Some of the major stressors in police are described below. Constant Danger The life of a police officer is constantly in danger. The constant feeling of being under peril takes its toll on the police officer causing him permanent stress. This ever-present danger is a part and parcel of the duty of a police officer. Internal Stressors These are the stressors that arise from within the police departments causing the officers to make sudden mobilizations and then occurrenc e of boredom for longer periods. Sudden shifts for longer periods causes boredom during which the officer has to remain alert for sudden actions. The presence of a gun all the time; the confronting of the jailed criminals; the administrative policies; the need to obey the commands from a senior officer even unwillingly; and, investigations and procedures, all add up to police stress. Lack of Reward Layoffs, delayed salaries, low budgets, and pressure from senior officers put strain over police officers’ minds which then results in decreased productivity and poor output. They undergo fear, become irritable, suffer through nuisance, and all this reflects in their relationship with the seniors and co-officers. Fatigue due to overworking without lunch or rest breaks or working for longer hours without naps; dissatisfaction caused by lack of motivation when the officers are not given their due rewards; and, lack of interest in the job due to constant pressure coming from seniors a nd poor communication with the co-officers form some of the major stressors in police work. When a police officer puts his sincere efforts in meeting deadlines and producing good results, he definitely needs an appreciation, a compliment, or some feedback from his seniors. If he is not given his due credit, he comes under stress. Workload Police officers complain about undergoing stress when the

Advertisment Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Advertisment Law - Essay Example The purchaser desires to have or own a good brand name product and material with good quality at reasonable and cheaper rate. If the marketers were able to meet this demand of people of the society, definitely there would be a souring business for their product. The advertisers and marketers say that they would be able to supply anything to the consumers and what they want. It may be right to say that marketers and advertisers are in a position to meet the desires of consumers up to some level.Ethics around advertisement law can be explained or classified into a broader horizon. Ethics around advertisement law can be termed as advertisement ethics and it can be defined as an ethics that examines ethical rules and principles within a commercial context. Advertisement ethics should more over confer to economic, legal, social, human, and political context. Advertisement law comes under a parent law that is widely referred as commercial law, which governs both commerce and business. Comm ercial law primarily manages corporate contracts, hiring practices, sales, service and consumer goods. There are sixteen different commercial laws of which corporate law, employment law, labor law and tax law are the most important laws. Advertisement ethics generally means the philosophy of business. This will determine the fundamental proposes of the company. If any company is intending to maximize the returns to its share holders then that would be called as unethical since it is depriving the interests and rights of some one else. Corporate social responsibility or CSR is widely debated regarding the rights and duties existing between and society. Industrial espionage and hostile takeovers are the issues concerning different companies. Leadership issues, corporate contributions that too political contributions are being the worst debated ethical issues within business law. Introducing a new reform under the law reform is the crime like corporate manslaughter, which is being opposed by the biggest business houses to make them more secure. Advertisement law must be generally governed under the law and the justice should be equally distributed. Corporate ethics policies are being misused as marketing instruments. Since advertisement law does not come under the criminal law and any deviation is considered under the civil law and hence these deviations are not taken seriously. Business directly means providing goods and services and in its process it touches and enriches lives of the people it comes across and hence it has to be as sincere as it can and should try to do justice to the profession and the people it comes across. Advertisement law's should be made as stringent as possible since many retailers and business houses do ford and try to exaggerate the prices and cheat the consumers there by making profits ten times over the product they sell. Law governing the advertisement law must be in safe hands and try to make promulgations, which are the interest of the consumers. Smoking Advertisements have resulted in inspiring youth to make smoking and alcohol as a habit that finally made them slaves to drugs. Armchair critics might rant about how rampant drug usage is especially amongst young adults; even the common man is just as vulnerable. What is even more alarming is the fact that kids as young as 16 are doing drugs. Unfortunately, parents are often the last to sniff out

Curriculum Evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Curriculum Evaluation - Essay Example It is a sound research method which can be used in educational institutions for evaluating merit of students (Sowell, E. J., â€Å"Curriculum: An Integrative Introduction†). CIPP stands for ‘Context, Input, Process and Products’. Context implies evaluating the requirements and problems; Input relates to evaluating of the plan to address the requirement, Process is the evaluation of implementation of plan, and ultimately Product stands for the evaluation of anticipated and unexpected results (Sowell, E. J., â€Å"Curriculum: An Integrative Introduction†). There are different sights of Curriculum Evaluation standards which are to be given priority in the evolution. According to JCSEE (Joint Committee on Standards for Educational Evaluation), there are four kinds of standards for Curriculum Evaluation which are ‘Utility Criteria’, ‘Feasibility Criteria’, ‘Propriety Criteria’, and ‘Accuracy Criteria’ (Sowell, E. J., â€Å"Curriculum: An Integrative Introduction†). CIPP evaluation technique goes through certain stages. In the year 2003, Sander and Davidson had projected 11 stages for applying CIPP model. The first stage consists of assessment of school elements which are finance, human resource, competency and other resources.

Time Warner Case Study Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Time Warner Case Study - Research Paper Example Such a situation may progressively lead to market monopoly. It is obvious that a monopolistic market environment may hurt the interests of buyers, suppliers, and new market entrants. Sometimes, mergers adversely affect the feasibility of integrated organizations also if the business becomes too large because of the merger. Under such circumstances, the merger process may cause the firms to incur higher unit costs. Similarly, often huge mergers result in employee termination, which in turn, would contribute to growing unemployment issues. In short, thoughtless mergers would threaten the economic uplift of the country and, therefore, government regulation is essential in a market economy. 2. It is observed that the US government has constantly intervened in the country’s market process over the last decade, especially after the 2008-09 global financial crisis. The US government identified that accounting fraud was the root cause behind a series of corporate failures in the count ry. Hence, nowadays the US government greatly intervenes in the country’s market process on the belief that those restrictions would put a check on illegal and unfair business practices. In addition, the US debt crisis also persuaded regulators to exercise more control over the country’s market process. ... As Perry and Dell (2010) pointed out, investigations discovered that the US bank collapses were partially attributable to inefficient government control over its market operations. Policymakers believe that government intervention in the market process would assist the country to overcome the impacts of debt crisis and, thereby, promote sustainable economic growth. 3. An organization or an industry would face some additional complexities if it needs to expand its business sector by means of capital projects rather than merger strategy. Acquisition strategy is an alternative to merger and this method demands huge amounts of money. If the Time Warner proceeds with the acquisition strategy, the firm would be forced to raise huge capital in order to acquire another firm. In addition, organizational change associated with the acquisition strategy may sometimes raise potential managerial challenges to the organization. New venture expansion is another strategy for self expansion and it req uires the firm to raise abundant potential sources of capital. In case of large venture projects, Time Warner alone cannot fund its operational requirements and, thus, the firm may be forced to depend on debt financing practices. However, such policies would adversely affect the financial viability of the firm and consequently threaten the long-term sustainability of the organization (Debt financing). Furthermore, other capital projects based on self-expansional strategies may raise a series of operational difficulties to the company while entering an overseas market. It has been identified that the level of uncertainty is higher under self-expansion strategies based on capital projects other than merger process. 4. When the industry is confronted with government

Police Officer Performance Appraisal and Overall Satisfaction Research Paper

Police Officer Performance Appraisal and Overall Satisfaction - Research Paper Example The research paper "Police Officer Performance Appraisal and Overall Satisfaction" discusses the article "Police Officer Performance Appraisal and Overall Satisfaction" written by David Lilley and Sameer Hinduja and published in the Journal of Criminal Justice in 2007. The research problem it seeks to reflect on is performance appraisals and overall satisfaction in the Police organizations. The hypotheses reveal that higher rate training, wider evaluation standards and more weight to officer development result in higher satisfaction levels among police supervisors. The article further reveals that the external factors like level of policing and the region as well as certain internal factors like the department size do not affect satisfaction levels in the Police. The article provides a review of existing literature on the topic of dissatisfaction with the performance appraisal systems in the police organizations. The article uses a quantitative research method and utilizes survey method to gather data. The survey included both open and closed ended questions. Data were collected from 600 law enforcement agencies on evaluation procedures adopted during the five-month period ending January 2001. The closed-ended questions provided a standard level of satisfaction for each provided question on a scale of 0-4. On the other hand, there were nine open-ended questions about the purpose and use of appraisal processes in the organizational context. And the agencies can gather information from such research papers and surveys.

Who Benefits from College Pressures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Who Benefits from College Pressures - Essay Example Those were: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure and self-induced pressure. For sure, those pressures haven’t become weaker today. Students differ, yet there have always been those highly motivated ones, doing their best in attempt to satisfy and exceed high academic standards. This group enhances college pressure, spreading it upon the rest of students. Young people all over the country courageously struggle through academic years gritting their teeth and suppressing their natural inclinations. All these sacrifices are done in the name of the golden calf and absurd ideas. However, it stays unclear, who benefits from this race. College pressures do more harm than good. Economic and parental pressures, being interrelated, are the major sources of students’ uneasiness. Today the USA goes through difficult economic conditions. Life is expensive and the competition in the society is as high as it has never been before. It is easy to get frightened about your future. Loving parents dream of the success of their children. They are ready to assist in achieving this success. Certainly, they expect their offspring to be grateful for this assistance, thus placing a heavy burden on the youth striving for freedom and self-realization. The puzzle seems simple: having graduated from a prestigious college and having got a prestigious profession, one finds himself on the top of life (or at least somewhere near it). Education costs ever more, and the young people, who are enrolled, feel an obligation to their parents. Many of them pursue the career chosen by their parents, while their own vocation is rejected as non-beneficial. Abandoned dreams do not disapp ear without leaving a trace. They continue disturbing one’s imagination and spirit. As the result, students follow the path chosen by others, feeling deeply unhappy and discontented. They realize that something is wrong but often cannot admit that they are lying to themselves.  Ã‚  

Business Ethics and Deontology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Business Ethics and Deontology - Essay Example Moreover, the field of ethics in the business module observes ethical controversies with regard to various social responsibilities within the business process and also includes the ethical conditions of the professional entities, the fundamental rights of the employees, employment discrimination and positive actions among other concerns (Scribd Inc., 2012). The objective of this paper is to identify three major ethical issues that were raised in the WorldCom case in its various business processes and to evaluate those issues using the deontological ethics guidelines. Moreover, the ethical issues faced by WorldCom will also be critically assessed through implementing Kant’s Categorical Imperative model of business ethics. Three Major Ethical Issues of WorldCom An ethical controversy significantly affected WorldCom during its business operations and most importantly upon its sustainability in the business market. The organization had faced financial distress during the scenario of US bankruptcy in the year 2001. However, WorldCom emerged from bankruptcy fortification after reporting its accounting irregularities of USD 11 billion. The accounting irregularities in WorldCom had resulted in its being prosecuted against security charges of many of the organization’s senior executives (Scharff, 2005). ...Corporate Acquisition Strategy of WorldCom The core business strategy of WorldCom was highly focused to develop the organizational growth through an effective acquisition strategy which was quite complex and a lengthy process of operation. Mergers and acquisitions process in an organization is a delicate process to efficiently execute and can cause various problems in order to effectively overcome the concerns (Cernusca, n.d.). WorldCom had performed 65 acquisitions worldwide through its effective business strategies and was regarded as one of the major business organizations in the telecommunication industry. WorldCom had spent almost USD 60 billion bet ween the years 1991 to 1997 in its acquisition processes and accumulated a debt amount of more than USD 40 billion (Moberg & Romar, 2012). The acquisition strategy of the organization significantly focused on acquiring larger firms across the different regions of the world. The acquired organizations facilitated WorldCom to achieve larger market share along with strengthening their core competencies, however, it was observed that WorldCom failed to generate desired profit from its acquired organizations. The major ethical issues were raised due to various types of accounting scandals as well as certain unethical practices in the accounting department of the organization (Davis, Miksiewicz, Nitta, Rothenberger, & Scalera, 2011).

Critical Commentary on 'The Coming of the White People' Essay

Critical Commentary on 'The Coming of the White People' - Essay Example As Harris reports, the Bolivian people love to believe that the decisive periods are ‘before the Spanish, colonial rule, and the republican period’ (ibid). According to Harris (1995), this Euro-centric history of most colonial nations had its origin from the concepts of rationality and order associated with the European modernism and consequent self-image Europeans developed. This high self-image had a very serious impact on the cultures and places they conquered. One such reason is that it is the coming of the colonial government that made many colonies understand the importance of written documents. For example, the scholar points out that works like ‘Europe and the people without history’ are totally centered around the way the coming of Europeans brought the previously autonomous populations into the European world system (ibid). Another point as put forward by Harris is that the process of colonisation had the same effect on both the Europeans and the c olonies. In other words, the same has been mythologised in both the places. It is pointed out by Harris that Columbus was a great mythologist who knew very well how to prepare influential interpretations of the voyages he made. Moreover, such explorers like Thomas Cook and Columbus associated their explorations with the achievement of a new spirit associated with either Enlightenment or Renaissance. One can see that this claim gains support from Obeysekere (1997, p. 79). Moreover, the works tries to identify the way many colonies consider Europeans as god-like figures. The first argument put forward by the scholar is that in many cases, it was the self-image of the Europeans themselves that was reflected in their own reflections of history. For example, the scholar points out the story behind the way Captain Cook was considered as god by Hawaiians. While European historians still love to proclaim that Hawaiians identified Cook with their deity Lono, it becomes evident from other acc ounts that Europeans were predisposed to the belief that they would be treated as gods by the natives. For example, even during the voyage, Columbus speculated that the new people might treat them as gods. Thus, even when Cook was killed by the natives, the same kind of European interest in depicting themselves as god-like figures came into play. In fact, this version of history is enforced by the Europeans on the world because at that point of time, written documents were almost entirely the provenance of Europeans. This point is supported by Sahlins (1995, p. 9). Very similar cases are reported by the scholar (Harris, 1995) in the case of Mexico and the encounter of Pizarro with King Atahualpa. In the first instance, Cortes’ arrival in Mexico was considered as the fulfillment of a prophecy related to the return of god Quetzalcoatl. It is point out by the scholar that evidently, Cortes made use of this prophecy and actively encouraged it to become a myth. In fact, very simil ar was the case of King Atahualpa. When the Spanish came under the leadership of Pizarro, the king Atahualpa felt that Viracocha had come. Admittedly it is even now common in that part of the world. While some historians like Sarmiento (1572) report that the king and his people considered Pizarro as Viracocha, people like Acosta (1590) go one step further ahead and claim that the natives called the Spanish Viracochas because they believed they

Draft Letter Going to War in Vietnam Essay Example for Free

Draft Letter Going to War in Vietnam Essay It was a very hot and humid day. I will never forget that awful day. I just had gotten home from work; the traffic that day was horrible. The mail was in top of my dining room table, and there it was on top of all the mail, the only thing o saw on the envelope was draft and I was the addressee. My reaction was â€Å"Oh My God†, my heart was pounding very heart it felt like it was about to jump out of my chest, my ears were burning. All I could think was that we are told that we are helping people and fighting for our freedom. Instead innocent people are being killed; I have lost most of my freedom. What options do I have, leave the country, or hide for the rest of your life. Or go to war not only means serving your country, but helping people along the way. What were my advantages or disadvantages? None of those options were good, at that point I was in shock, and I just could not believe that this was happening to me, till this day I do not remember ever opening that letter. The advantage I saw was, if I went to war the money I will be getting. With that money I could help my family, have a better future, and it can help me open a lot of doors. The disadvantage is that I can get killed, injured, my family would be devastated, but at the same time they would feel proud. To some, including me the Vietnam War was a crime, an attempt by the United States to suppress a heroic Vietnamese national liberation movement that had driven French colonialism out of its country. To others, the Vietnam War was a forfeit, a just war needlessly lost by timid policymakers and a biased media. For many including myself, the Vietnam War was a tragic mistake brought about by U.S. leaders who exaggerated the influence of communism and underestimated the power of nationalism. Another advantage would be that I would come back as a hero, either alive or in a box. I will still be considered a hero, that is, if I live in a community that is very patriotic. But in my case I do not live in a community like that. The disadvantage would be that my community would not even know that I have gone to war. All I could think was that the draft discriminated against the poor, the less educated and ethnic minorities. Many of us were drafted into the Army against our will nearly all of us are kept in its grasp against our will all in order to carry out this illegal, immoral, and unjust war. We are forced to fight and die in a war we did not create and in which we don’t believe. There are advantages and disadvantages in every war that can either be minute details or change the whole course of war. I would go to war even knowing that I may get killed, injured. Morally is the right thing to do. As a citizen we have a duty to this country whether or not we believe in the cause of war. Initially, people going to Vietnam bought the domino theory. They willingly went because they were defending freedom and democracy and the American way, those who were sent to Vietnam knew that they did not have the support of the American people, knew that they were there in support of a failed policy, and knew that they were not defending freedom or democracy, but were pawns in an ongoing political struggle. My conclusion after writing this is that never think for a moment that you are the only one side that is suffering you might be physically safe from the effects of war. But war is an insidious enemy and all the more damaging when it is implications reach you, others through a dead and suffering.

Strategy For Sustainable Competitive Advantage Management Essay

Strategy For Sustainable Competitive Advantage Management Essay Every organizations corporate strategies are focused at developing a sustainable competitive advantage that will allow the company to continuously maintain and improve the enterprises competitiveness in the industry it is in. This enables the organization to stand strong despite competition or saturation of the market over a long time. An organizations competitive advantage is said to exist if customers perceive the firms product or as superiors or better than that of its competitors. There are various sources of competitive advantage in organization. These sources revolve around an organization internal environment (Dess et al, 2005). Dyer and Singh (Oct 2005), point out technology as one of the sources of competitive advantage to an enterprise. If the company technology is superior to those of its competitors, then the company can offer quality services and better product at cost effective prices thus retaining its customers for a long time. Its infrastructure like machinery and other production facility likewise can position the company more competitively if they super than the competitors. Human resource is one of the tools of competitive advantage. When a companys employees understand and are committed to the vision and objectives of the organization, they will become agents of success in the company. The employees will always be devoted to making the vision and identity stronger for the stakeholders, the customers and themselves (Oliver, 1997). The quality and the uniqueness of the companys products can also be a source of competitive advantage. If customers prefer the companys products or services because of specific qualities such as style, taste, ingredients, comfort, production methods e.g. organic or inorganic then the organization t can utilize this loyalty for strategic purposes. The location of the company could also be a competitive advantage. Companies operating closer to their customers, suppliers or raw materials can be more competitive than their counterparts in the same industries (Dyer Singh, Oct 2005). Structural, leadership, and cultural considerations while expanding its global operations Leadership Leadership is one of the most fundamental tools for Wal-Marts long-term competitive strategy for. The corporate executives of the organization are critically responsible for the direction and successful operations of the all the companys units. According to Wood (2004), the knowledge economy is proving to be the most valuable and efficient approach for leadership founded strong organizational values that promote constancy in innovation and motivation across all unites of the firm units. The leaders must harness their skills and abilities to lead with their intellect, aligned to the Wal-Marts corporate mission and vision. The leaders must think innovatively about how the company can create a sustained business value even as it enters others foreign markets. The entire corporate leadership must search for synergies and pursue possible successes at the corporate level for new opportunities for growth and expansion (Soderquist, 2005). Cultural The Wal-Marts organizational  culture is another of the key competitive advantages. If the company is able to build and maintain a culture that promotes and appreciates innovativeness, commitment, Wal-Mart is strategically positioned for success. Dyer and Singh, (Oct 2005) describes corporate culture as term that refers to a collective behavior of people seen in the perspective of shared corporate of vision goals, work language, symbols, beliefs,  habits and systems. Interwoven with the company procedures and technologies, each person including the new employees contributes to this cultures own uniqueness and composition. The corporate culture includes moral, social, and behavioral norms. Structural When entering a new market, corporate bureaucracies often mar smooth expansion programs. Bureaucracy delays implementation of strategies thus becoming a competitive disadvantage. To avoids this situation, Wal-Mart structure of administration and procedures will needs constant review to check any unnecessary or irrelevant procedure that like become obstacles to smooth and successful expansion of company. As the business continues to grow larger and larger, leadership and administration get further. Wal-Mart, management must keep constant battles to keep bureaucracy at bay. They need to regularly scrutinize all branches departments to ensure that feedback mechanisms are affective as possible (Soderquist, 2005). Wal-Mart needs to audit its procedures and structural operations when expanding its Global growths, in order to the negative impact of possible bureaucracies. Decision-making should be process need to be made as short as possible. Marketing and operational tactics to execute this strategy With the considerations of leadership, cultural and structural factors, Wal-Mart like any other company ought to come up with supportive marketing and operational programs that execute the competitive strategies. Combining effective marketing programs with its internal strengths such as innovations and leadership, advantage that is more competitive can be created. For retail chain store such as Wal-Mart, it is important that marketing strategies are consistent to the overall strategies and goals of the company. According to Wood (2004), effective marketing strategies will present the products and services offered as delivering the required benefits to consumers making them purchase repeatedly that products or service. The marketing strategies should not only be consistent with the overall strategy while expanding to other global markets, but also meet the demands of the level of competition in each market. While developing these strategies therefore, Wal-Mart therefore must factor in demands for effective product positioning; the nature of each of the markets it is entering, and the levels of competition with which the organization has to contend. The successful of branding of Wal-Mart franchises and branches has been one of the best sustainable differentiating strategies required of any effective marketing program. Like branding, the, the support marketing programs must be difficult for competitors to match the applied strategies (Oliver, 1997). Positioning as one of the important strategies that can be utilized to create and sustain Wal-Marts competitive strategy involves identifying the targets markets and clearly positioning the brands, their retails stores in those markets. One of the methods the organization can use is the marketing mix, which entails use of the 4Ps to influences consumer behavior in favor of Wal-Mart Stores. Market segmentation and discriminations is another possible positioning strategy. In the methods, the company will avoid standardizing their brands in totality, but rather customizing them to suit the cultural, economic, or legal requirements in those markets (Wood, 2004). Revised organizational chart for Wal-Mart Stores Where: CEO:-Chief Executive Officer/president CFO:-Chief Finance officer COO:-Chief Operation Officer

Managing Human Capital Collective Bargaining External Factors

Managing Human Capital Collective Bargaining External Factors Introduction:- HRM is very important for every organization. The function of HRM is to cover the several elements like inside and outside of the organization. The HR managers very carefully pay attention on the external environment, because external environment also significantly affect the human resource practices, planning and polices, due to this reason human resource managers are busy for scanning and analysing the external environment, after analysing and scanning the external environment factors the role of human resource managers are to balance these external factors very efficiently with the internal factors to achieve the goals of the organization. Definition:- The HRM involves in four different functions lead, organize, plan and control, such kinds of function may affect the business environment internally and externally. The main external environmental factors which affect the business are economical, technological, political and sociological (Montana charnov, 2000) Technological:- Technology is one of the most dramatic external environmental factor. It changes very quickly. If market changes it overnight the management keep the organization position in flexible and adopt new technology or change in technology for the organization objective. (Karger, 1991) Technology is the external factors. This factor also affect the human resource practices, planning and policy, because in this modern age without technology the organization cannot achieve its strategic goals. In order to develop new products to remain in the competitive, technology is very helpful by using the technology the HRM and organization can store the unlimited data. Role of HRM in Technological:- The human resource managers play very vital role for the implementation of the technology in an organization. The implementation of technology means change in an organization as well as polices. They call the meeting of the employees and tell them about the technology as well as human resource managers also provide training to the employees about the technology which they implement in an organization. The successful HRM in an organization identify and take action when the change in technology. The very essential role of HRM when change in technology they also help to the line manager and give the proper training to the line managers regarding the new technology as well as they also tell that how the line manager will train the new employees and also ensure that new employees have right technological skills. Political Factor:- Political/Governmental factors are also external factors. These factors change when the Government change. The political factors are like trade regulation, minimum wage, tax policies etc. The HRM is bound to adopt this external environment factor. Role of HRM in Political/Government Legislation:- The major role of HRM when any change in political factors, they adopt the political factors and must follow the political factor as above we discussed the some political factors like minimum wage, new legislation etc. The essential role of HRM in any organization in UK that they are bound to give minimum wage to their employees as well as implement the new legislation which the Government settled as well as HRM must follow the laws, rules and regulation when they are recruiting or terminating the employees. The managers also predict that what are the major political changes are coming in the countries, because any change come in this external environment factors it also disturb the human resource manager planning and polices. The political factor is also called the Government Issue/legislation. Economic Factor:- The one of the most important external environment factors is economic factor. This factor affect very effectively to the country as well as the organization, in general this factor includes interest rate, inflation and unemployment. The organization cannot control such kinds of factors. Role of HRM change in Economic Factor:- The main role of HRM when any change comes in economy they take action as soon as possible if the economic factors is not good for the organization the human resource manager take the step of downsizing in staff as well as stop the new recruitment for manage the organization financial stability and stabilize the organization in the economic crisis. When the economic condition of the organization is good the role of human resource managers is totally different they recruit the staff train the staff for achieving the strategic goals of the organization. Socio-Cultural Factor:- The socio-cultural is an external environmental factor. In general environment this is very vital element. The socio-cultural includes social classes, reference groups, language, population, lifestyle, pressure groups, the above mentioned elements directly affect the organization. Role of HRM change in Socio-cultural Factor:- Human resource managers must change their actions according to the desire of the society in which they work with the change of social and customs values and the change in taste human managers need to adopt change as well, for instance the HRM provides good working environment, flexible working hours and children care facility to their employees. Examples of External Factors:- Pizza Hut:- Technology is very important for every organization when any change come in technology the role of every human resource manager is same like the role of Pizza hut human resource manager. When change in technology the role of Pizza hut HRM was they put the organization in to flexible position and adopted the new computer technology and they trained their staff according to the new computer technology, like online ordering, mobile portable card machines. This was the external change which the Pizza hut HRM implemented. (Interview) Iris Trading Company:- When the economy of Pakistan went down the organization economy of Pakistan also went down the iris trading company human resource manager took the step of downsizing to save the organization they stopped the new recruitment and cut off the employees to give them the lump sum amount or golden hand shake before the retirement of the age. (Personal Experience) Tesco:- The British Government introduced the legislation that no company will sell the cigarette to underage. Role of Tesco human resource management they implemented this law in to the organization as well as train their staff according to this Government legislation and Tesco HRM also pay to their employee above the minimum pay per hour which the British Government has settled. (Interview) Primark:- When any change comes in socio-cultural the role of Primark HR is they judge the people attitudes their culture, life style, language and area then recruit the staff regarding the people life style, culture and language in the particular area, which is very beneficial for the customers as well as to the organization to attract the customers. (Interview) Benefits of External Environmental Factors:- As the above discussion there are four external environmental factors which especially influence in every organization as well as their HR department. These four factors are economic, technological, socio-cultural and political. The main advantage of latest technology is HR can easily perform their functions very efficiently, with the help of technology the HR can reduce the cost of employee and provide better result to the organization. If any change comes in economy factor it is also very good for HR the main advantage of economy factor is HR can recruit the staff to achieve the strategic goals of the organization which are very beneficial for the organization as well as if any change also occur in political and socio-cultural this change also give advantages to the human resource managers. if any change in socio-cultural it good for HR to understand the people thinking their life style and the nature of people with the help of this HR may recruit the staff according to the socio-c ultural environment which is good for the organization as well as any change in political give advantage to the HR easily implement the Government polices without any confliction between the HR and the employees. (Robert L. Mathis, 2007) Drawback of External Factors:- Every factor has advantage and disadvantage if any change comes in technological factors it is very difficult for HR to replace the old technology with new once, because this thing affect the HR polices and planning as well as HR managers are addict to use the old technology when they adopt the new technology they will spend more money on technology as well as the staff training which is not good for the organization, same as if change in economy factor then there is also a big cons for HR they will recruit the staff spend money on the training of staff as well as to cut off the staff both condition are unfavourable for the HR planning. The major disadvantage for HRM is when change in political change in this change HRM bound to implement this change within the organization. This external environmental badly affect he HR polices and planning. (Robert L. Mathis, 2007) HRM Practices to Gain the Sustainable Competitive Advantage:- Definition:- Sustainable competitive advantage is the unique position that an organization develops in relation to competitors that allows it to outperform them consistently (Hofer and Schendel, 1978) HRM Practices:- Many organizations use their HR to gain the sustainable competitive advantage, because HR plays very vital role in the hiring of staff. HR practices, theoretically, have little potential for being a source of sustained competitive avantage (Wright et al, 1994) Pfeffer in 1994 has described 16 HR practices that HRM may gain the sustainable competitive advantage through employees as well. But we are discussing 5 more effective practices of HRM for gaining the continuously competitive advantage which are given below. Team Job redesign Staffing, Including recruitment Appraising/Performance Incentive Pay Training and Development Employment Security Participation and Empowerment Long Term Perspective Employee Owner Ship Wage Compression Measurement of Practices Cross Training Cross Utilization Promotion Overarching Philosophy Symbolic Egalitarianism Information Sharing Team Job redesign: The role of HR in any organization is very important to achieve the sustainable competitive advantage as well as to achieve the strategic goals of the organization. The HR departments of big organizations make the team and give them the task regarding the strategic planning of the organization as well as HR is also design the job for the team. The team work in any organization is very helpful to gain the sustainable competitive advantage. Apple:- Apple is a company deal in electronic like IPHONE, IPAD, and APPLE MAC etc. The HR department of apple is very helpful for the success of apple products, because the HR of apple keep the people in to teams and design the jobs for them round about 10 thousand peoples are working on apple applications, due to this reason no one can steal or copy the apple applications as well as day by day apple is introducing new products in the market which are such a outstanding as well as apple is gaining with the help of this hr practice sustainable competitive advantage. Staffing, Including Recruitment: The one more important HR practices to gain the continuously competitive advantage is staffing, including recruitment, because very important asset for the organization and HR is staff. HR practices include to motivate the staff motivated staff means more productivity for the organization. If the organization needs more staff the HR recruit the excellent and efficient staff train the staff regarding the job and design the job and also motivate new staff, however productive staff is very helpful to gain the sustainable competitive advantage. 2) Toyota:- According to M. Reza Vaghefi Toyota is achieving the sustainable competitive advantage with the help of human resource, because they told that human resource recruit very competitive staff and give them proper training according to the company desires so M. Reza also include Toyota employees are very productive and motivated, due to this reason Toyota today Toyota is gaining continuously competitive advantage in the market. (sysdoc.doors.ch/TOYOTA) Appraising/Performance: HR practices always have link with the strategic of the organization. This HR practice is very essential to check the performance of the whole organization employees, because if the mangers as well as the employees performance are good then the organization is able to achieve the sustainable competitive advantage, however HR use the method of appraising to check the performance of individual employees. Now a days many organizations check the performances of their employees through 360 degree appraising method. To gain the continuously competitive advantage this appraising/performance HR practice very important for any organization. Primark:- The HRM of Primark checks the performance of their employees through 360 degree appraising method once in a year. This HR practice is very beneficial for the company because day by day Primark getting more and more profit as well as Primark has been nominated two time retailer of the Year Award at the World Retail Awards in 2008 and 2009. So we can say that appraising is very important practice of HR to achieve the sustainable competitive advantage. (Interview) Sainsburys:- Sainsburys deals in all kind of food, HR of Sainsburys use the 360 degree appraising method to check the performance of the employees. The sustainable competitive advantage is also depending on the performance of the employees. (Interview) Incentive Pay: Incentive pay also includes the HR practice this practice is very essential to motivate the staff, because motivated staff is a key of success as well as to achieve the sustainable competitive advantage to the organization. We can also say that it is a pay of performance. After checking the performance of the employees the organization HR gives pay of performance to them who performed very productivity to gain the sustainable competitive advantage as well as the strategic goals of the organization. The incentive pay could be in the form of bonuses, share, debenture etc. Tesco:- Tesco is the world 3rd largest retail company in the retail chain. The HR of tesco plays very vital role to achieve the strategic goals of the organization as well as to remain the tesco in the sustainable competitive advantage. Tesco HR gives the incentive pay to their staff after check the performance in the form of share and bonuses. (Interview) Training and Development: The main practice of HR is training and development of employees. Training is very important and vital for the employees because with the help of training HR tell to the employee regarding the job task etc. Training give the idea to the employee that when to do, how to do, a trained employee can perform their duty very efficiently which is very beneficial for the organization to achieve the strategic and continuously competitive advantage. This is possible with the help of HR training practice. Asda:- Asda is the American company but established in Britain. The HR of Asda is playing very essential role for the Asda to gain the sustainable competitive advantage in the UK as well as company strategic goals. The main role of HR in Asda is to train the staff according to the job. Asda has multi skills staffs. They can work anywhere, any place in the store. This is very helpful for Asda to reduce the staff cost as well as to achieve the competitive advantage. (Interview) Conclusion:- As the above discussion the role of HRM is very prominent when any changing in the external environmental factors. HRM try to adjust these factors with the internal factors and try that these factors does not affect the organization internal environment as well as today HR practices are very important for every organization to gain the sustainable competitive advantage, because HR plays very essential role in the hiring of the employees. If the employees of the organization are productive and innovative then the organization has sustainable competitive advantage, so the HR practices are the bon of the organization. B) Collective Bargaining:- Introduction:- Collective bargaining is a negotiation among the employees and employers it could be regarding wage, incentive, sack of the employees etc. The main purpose of collective bargaining is to remove the confliction or dispute among the employees and employers. In this bargaining employers on the one hand and employees on the other hand with their representative called union. In the collective bargaining union must has some collective interest since the negotiations which are the beneficial for the several employees as well as union charge their services from the employees. Union role is very vital in this negotiation, because union is representing the whole employees ideas, interest and their demand. Union do the bargain with the employer regarding new terms and condition of the employment. This negotiation and new agreement among the employers and employees is called collective bargaining agreement. Research on Collective Bargaining:- The research which has been done on the collective bargaining for 50 years says that collective bargaining point outs the cost of people behaviour which is the more important as compare to benefits, while planning the national collective bargaining structure to compete in international market. Many countries are giving special consideration for the welfare of the employees. Definition of Collective Bargaining:- The collective bargaining is the procedure of negotiation among the employees, employers and union. This negotiation is regarding the working terms and conditions between employees and employers as well as removes the confliction between both parties (Clegg, 1976) Collective Bargaining:- Collective bargaining when the worker union negotiate with the employer regarding the terms and condition of the employee is called collective bargaining like holidays, working hours, job rotation, employment security, wage etc. Collective Bargaining Agreement:- This is an agreement which is done as a result of negotiation or collective bargaining among the workers, union and employers regarding the wages, is called collective bargaining. Mostly employees terms and condition brings change in this agreement. This agreement is very beneficial for employees rather than the employers. Compensation Packages/Collective Bargaining Issues:- According to Robert L. Mathis (2007) Most of the times compensation packages are negotiated through collective bargaining, this is also known as collective bargaining issues which are given below. Working Conditions Pay/Wages Job Security Hours Fee Collection Pension Suspension Overtime Grievance Procedures Bonus Evaluation Medical Leaves Shifts of Timing Basic Pay Recalls Maternity Leaves Relaxation Periods Insurance Dismissals Paternity Leaves Overtime Charges Promotion Regular working hours Allowances Seniority Holiday Pay Incentive/Pay Performance These are the compensation packages or collective bargaining issues which are mostly negotiated through collective bargaining agreement. Working of Collective Bargaining:- The working of collective bargaining means that employers and union should have to agree on an action plan of collective bargaining E.G. Who is a representative of employees for negotiation? How many time, when and which place both parties will meet up for bargaining/discussion If more than one union is involved then how dialogue will be take place. In the bargaining how many employees are involved Which terms and condition is debateable in the bargaining? The bargaining will take place in the organization or outside the organization. (direct.gov.uk) Collective Bargaining In Good Faith:- The procedure of collective bargaining should be decided by using the positive thinking and best efforts. Both parties talk get-together and should have to consider all the suggestion of each others. In the bargaining if there is any standstill or any other matters both parties should have to carry on the negotiation until they reach an agreement. Both parties should have to give respect to the representative. In the bargaining do not try to talk with the people who is behind the scene. In the bargaining do not deflate the representative this may cause of deterioration of bargaining process. Both parties do not spoil the agreement by crossing its clauses and provision to employees not covered by that agreement. There is an authentic reason for an agreement that must have not any excuse. ( Kiely Thompson,  2007) Advantage to workers:- Collective bargaining gives the high self-esteem as well as productivity to the employees. The management cannot take any illogical action against the workers because collective bargaining restricts the management autonomy. The employees of the organization can easily bargain with the top level of management for their benefits and interests. It also gives the job protection to the employees. Disadvantage to Employees:- If any employee is not the member of union he pays union services. Probably it makes the division between employees and the management/employer. Advantage to Employers:- Collective bargaining is very important for the employers as well, because through it they can easily resolve the problems of the workers instead of individuals. It opens the communication channel between the employees and employers and employees can contribute in decision making. It also plays very essential role to resolve the confliction in the organization. Disadvantage to Employers:- The employers cannot force the employees The management freedom is restricted. The involvement of external body In collective bargaining the employers accept all the demands from the employees. Individual Bargaining:- The concept of individual bargaining is between employee and employer no union involve in this bargaining, in the individual bargaining the employer take more potency rather than the collective bargaining. According to Flanders the individual bargain (agreement) between the employer and the employee, and which is given legal status in the form of an employment contract, provides for an exchange of work for money.(1986) Mostly the individual bargaining is based on when any new contract is take place between employer and employee this contract can be organization new terms and conditions, wages and job timing, eventually in individual bargaining mostly employer is on benefit side as compare to collective bargaining. Examples of collective bargaining and individual bargaining:- Pakistan Tele Communication Limited(PTCL):- In 2006 PTCL workers union which is also known as PTCL announced the strike, the strike is based on that PTCL is reducing the staff as well as not increasing the wage and not increasing the pensions. The PTCL union president Choudhry Manzoor came with three demand which we discussed above. But the management of PTCL denied the three demands but after 15 days both parties announced the content of deal, after this deal the president of PTCL union Choudhry Manzoor took the strike back. This deal is known as collective bargaining agreement between PTCL management and PTCL workers union. In this agreement management of PTCL accepted the three demands.( telecompk.net) British Telecom (BT):- In the British telecom there was confliction regarding the wage between the BT worker union (CWU) and the management of the BT. the confliction started when the BT CEO Ian Livingstons took triple bonus in current year 2010 because of company performance financial recovery. The increased in bonus from  £343000 to  £1.2 M in current year and the total salary of CEO is from  £1.2M to  £2.1M as well as 2% also increased in basic salary which is mentioned in the BT annual financial report. The BT union (CWU) demanded 5% increase in pay and BT management offered only 2%. When the negotiation was not going to success the CWU gave the call of strike. It was happen after 23 years. Both parties at 9th July 2010 through collective bargaining agreement settled the pay rise of 3% until 2013. When both parties announced the content of deal the BT share were rise up 3p or 1.9% which was very good sign for BT. (Lilly Vitorovich) Underground Tube:- The agreement has been done between bosses of rail and transport and RMT union recently, which was regarding the job security of the employees as well as the rising in pay. Everyone knows that maintenance work is going some underground lines. The worker whos doing maintenance work called strike for 2days started from 14th July 2010. The RMT union has suspended the strike after the negotiation both sides have been settled a new agreement of rise the pay 4.2% as well as the guarantee of the job protection. This new agreement is also known as collective bargaining agreement. (bbc.co.uk/news/10604873) Arriva Bus Drivers:- In north wale near to the Easter the arrive bus drivers called strike the strike reason was that they said that their colleagues whos are working in liver pool are getting  £1 more an hour rather than us so they called the strike on Easter and busy weekend. The unite union came as a representative of bus drivers and negotiated with the bosses of buses. The bosses of buses accepted the bus driver demand and both parties announced the content of deal is called collective bargaining agreement. Pakistan Ship Breaker Strike:- In the mid of June the 15000 ship breaker worker union which is known as Gadani ship breaking democratic workers union (GSBDWU) as well as affiliated with the national trade union federation (NTUF) announced the strike for 2days. The reason of strike was low wage, lack of working hours as well job protection. The negotiation is being held between the owner of the association and union. But the owner denied all the demands of the unions. The union once again called the strike on 5th July until our demand will not be accepted. The owner and union again negotiated. The owner accepted the whole demand and both parties are settled on an agreement. British Airways (B.A):- The confliction between cabin crew works union which is known as unite and B.A since last 14 months. The confliction between two parties started, when B.A cut off the cabin crew workers to reduce its expenditure. This situation was worst when B.A staff went on strike. The B.A took the disciplinary action as well as sacked the many workers whos are the member of unite union. B.A offered on 25th June 2010 was 2.9% rise next year and after year 3%. But the union did not accept this offer and also gave new date of strike which is in September 2010. Due to this reason B.A shares value day by day are going down in to the market. (bbc.co.uk/news/business-10695976) Iris Trading Company:- In April 2008 the iris trading company worker union which is name is PWU announced the strike. The reason for strike was very low wages and timing. 7% increase in basic salary of every worker. This was the demand from the union. The union announced strike for 4 days strike on 6th May 2008. The owner of the company Rizwan Hameed and PWU union leader Asif Ghori negotiated and settled the agreement of 5% rise of basic salary of every worker. After this agreement PWU union leader suspended the strike. (Personal Experience) Bangladesh River Worker:- At 16th May 2010, the Government Minster of Dhaka signed an agreement with the leader of union. After this agreement the union leader Ashikul Islam said call of the strike. The demand was from the union leader which the Government Minster agreed was remove all the criminal cases and realise the entire worker. Increase the pay scale 50% to 100%, bonuses for all workers, BOSS Plastic Company strike:- In Pakistan many companies do individual bargaining when we go for job regarding the pay, working hours, bonuses, holidays etc. BOSS is a company which make the plastic furniture. Every employee of BOSS has individual and separate agreement which is mostly done according to the owner desires. In this agreement no union is involved all the terms and conditions set the employers. The agreement which is done without the involvement of union is called individual bargaining agreement. BBC:- In April 2010 BBC offered increase in pay  £300 to the Bectu. The union of its IT worker welcome this offered and cancelled the industrial action (Karl Flinders, 2010) Royal Dutch Shell:- The steel worker united union said that they reached a tentative agreement with the Royal Dutch Shell, this move avert the possible strike and handle the U.S crude oil refining capacity. The union announced that new pack become standard wage, benefits for the workers and good working condition for all 3000 refinery workers whos are the member of union as well as working in U.S (Steve Gelsi, 2009) Royal Mail:- In March 2010 there is an agreement signed between Royal mail and its union worker to finish the long term conflict/ dispute which was job cut and over pay, regarding the new agreement there was rise 7% in the workers wage. Both parties are very happy on the deal. (Christopher Hope and Harry Wallop, 2010) Lindsey Oil Refinery (LOR):- There were dispute in Lindsey Oil Refinery and its worker after very lengthy negotiation. The LOR agreed to reinstatement of 650 worker sacked during the strike as well as the union also ensure that which took an industrial action LOR will not take any action against all those workers, (telegraph.co.uk) Agree or Disagree:- As the above examples it is very clear that when there was any confliction among the employers and employees then this dispute was solve with the help of collective bargaining, the reason of dispute among the employers and employees always in the term of increase in pay, sacking, employment security and incentive pay. The confliction among the employees and employers is not good for the organization economic and production condition, so collective bargaining agreement is very helpful to resolve the dispute and for the organization economy. Therefore we are not agree that the compensation packages negotiated through collective bargaining agr

A Woman Behind the Wallpaper :: essays research papers

A Woman Behind The Wallpaper.† Analyzing a literary work, I have always considered setting of the story to be primarily for a reader to picture the events more vividly. However, recently I have discovered that setting often plays an important role in the development of the plot and characters of the story. Besides time and place of a literary work, setting can include social, psychological or spiritual state of the characters. Therefore setting of the story is capable of not only creating a certain atmosphere, but also help characters change, come to a realization of something, or behave a certain way. The setting of the short story by Charlotte Perkins Gilman â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† has a direct influence on the development of the plot and the main character of the story.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† introduces a reader to a young lady, suffering from a major depression. She is prescribed a â€Å"rest cure†, so her husband, a physician himself, rents a house â€Å"a colonial mansion, a hereditary estate† for them to stay in during the summer. In the very first paragraph the author uses an element of gothic fiction, as the narrator declares that she feels â€Å"something strange about the house.† She describes the house as gorgeous place, except for a spacious, full of light room on its upper floor. The room her husband insisted them to stay at. The narrator assumes it has been as nursery before as â€Å"the windows are barred for little children, and there are rings and things in the walls.† Its yellow, partially stripped off, wallpaper is the true object of the narrator’s frustration, disgust, and hatred. She describes its color as â€Å"repellent, almost revolting: a smouldering unclear y ellow, strangely faded by the slow-turning sunlight. It is a dull yet lurid orange in some places, a sickly sulphur tint in others† She also claims that the wallpaper has a particular smell that follows her everywhere. It â€Å"is like the color of the paper! A yellow smell.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another aspect of setting introduced in the story is the emotional state of the narrator. There are numerous clues given in the story that reveal that she is in the state of disharmony with herself and the role of a housewife she is forced to play by her husband and the society of that time. She is unhappy with her marriage and her position in the family.

Uses and Consequences of the Self Fulfilling Prophecy Essay -- Educati

Uses and Consequences of the Self Fulfilling Prophecy Abstract The Self Fulfilling Prophecy is a concept that should be quite familiar in the classroom, yet is still a mystery to many teachers today. Learning to properly use this idea will ultimately result in higher student scores directly, and on a higher level, will cause students to model the expectations of the teacher and expect much of themselves. This will set students up for highly successful autonomous learning. However, ignorance or improper use of the SFP does not stimulate learning, but may inhibit accomplishment. Teachers must strive to achieve a better understanding of this â€Å"Pygmalion Effect† to create a powerful learning environment. Uses and Consequences of the Self Fulfilling Prophecy The concept of the self-fulfilling-prophecy, renowned as the Pygmalion Effect, is known throughout the education world, but its principles can often be confused, misused, or ignored altogether (Tauber, 1998). If handled wisely, the self-fulfilling-prophecy (SFP) can be a teacher’s most potent tool in constructing success in his/her students. To the same ends, though, it can be an overwhelming suppressor to potentially great talent. Therefore, teachers must strive to find a better understanding of the SFP, shed their inhibiting methods of stereotyping, and begin to use SFP to produce positive effects for all their students, setting them on the road to autonomous learning. Before teachers can do anything to utilize the idea of SFP, they must truly understand it. Study of the topic combined with reflection on personal experience will hone their understanding. Standard research will give teachers a powerful theoretical base from which they can move. Backgro... ...t is due. When it is properly used, it presides over all other areas of education, because the students will find within themselves the motivation to strive to achieve anything set before them. Works Cited: Tauber, Robert T. (1998). Good or Bad, What Teachers Expect from Students They Generally Get! Washington, D.C.: ERIC Clearinghouse on Teaching and Teacher Education. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 426 985) The Pygmalion Effect. Retrieved April 4, 2002 from the World Wide Web: http://www.caritas-corkeryhouse.com/art18.htm Rhem, James (1999). Pygmalion in the Classroom. Retrieved April 4, 2002 from the World Wide Web: http://www.ntlf.com/html/pi/9902/pygm_1.htm Churchward, Budd (1986). 11 Techniques for Better Classroom Discipline. Retrieved April 2, 2002 from the World Wide Web: http://www.honorlevel.com/techniques.html

The Roots of Artificial Intelligence Essay -- History Historical Essay

The Roots of Artificial Intelligence The roots of artificial intelligence can be traced back to ancient Greece with myths like that of Pygmalion, which incorporated the idea of an intelligent robot. These early thoughts soon developed into stories like Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein in 1818, which was the story of a monster created by man and brought to life. These stories make for interesting fireside tales and bedtime reading, but where did artificial intelligence truly get its start? Most scientists and historians would give this credit to â€Å"the father of artificial intelligence†1, John McCarthy. Without McCarthy, the term â€Å"artificial intelligence† would not have been coined; and many discoveries in this growing field would not have been made or pursued without his preliminary research into this previously uncharted territory of computer science. This early research in artificial intelligence has led to many of the most important technological advances of all time. By loo king at John McCarthy’s life and a few of these applications of artificial intelligence, it is easy to see how much of an impact the field of artificial intelligence has had on our world. John McCarthy was born in 1927 in Boston, Massachusetts. His mother, a journalist for the Federated Press wire service, and his father, a fisherman, carpenter, and a union organizer, were both Communist party activists. â€Å"McCarthy has ascribed his early interest in science to his family’s political views, pointing to their general belief that technology was good for humanity†2. Due to his family’s controversial political views, John was kept on the move for most of his childhood, first to New York and then on to Los Angeles. As a junior in... ...ries that will help society just as much, if not more, than a true artificial intelligence. Works Cited 1Morales, Edu. Online: http://web.mit.edu/STS001/www/Team7/home.html 2 Ibid. 3Weiss, Sonia. â€Å"John McCarthy†. Online: http://www.digitalcentury.com/encyclo/update/mccarthy.html 4Ibid. 5Ibid. 6Ibid. 7Christiansen, Brian. â€Å"History of Speech Recognition†. Online: http://www.stanford.edu/~jmaurer/history.htm 8Howard-Spink, Sam. Online: http://www.research.ibm.com/thinkresearch/pages/2002/20020918_speech.shtml 9Ibid. 10 â€Å"Remote Control in Deep Space.† Science News Weekly. 29 May 1999. 11Artificial Intelligence. Exploration Systems Autonomy Section, Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Online: http://www-aig.jpl.nasa.gov/ 12Roush, Wade. â€Å"Immbots Take Control.† Technology Review. December 2002-January 2003.